{
  "title": "Poverty, Income Distribution, and Economic Policy in the Philippines",
  "publication": "IMF Working Papers, February 1, 1998",
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  "summary": "Income distribution in the Philippines is highly uneven, and poverty rates are higher than in other ASEAN countries. In addition, although the poverty rate has declined over time, the rate of decline has been lower than in other countries, and income inequality has been persistent.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Main findings",
      "content": "- Income distribution in the Philippines is highly uneven.\n- Poverty rates in the Philippines are higher than in other ASEAN countries.\n- The poverty rate has declined over time, but the rate of decline has been lower than in other countries.\n- Income inequality has been persistent.\n- These outcomes are attributed to historically slow economic growth, owing in part to poor policies and past failures to reduce structural impediments to a more equal distribution of income.\n- Despite reforms in recent years, it will likely take some time to erase the effects of past policies."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Analysis of causes",
      "content": "- Historically slow economic growth is identified as a central factor contributing to high poverty and persistent inequality.\n- Poor policies are cited as part of the reason for slow growth.\n- Past failures to reduce structural impediments have contributed to an unequal distribution of income.\n- Recent reforms are noted, but their effects are considered insufficient to quickly reverse legacy impacts."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Subjects and keywords (as provided)",
      "content": "- Subjects: Education, Expenditure, Income distribution, National accounts, Personal income, Poverty\n- Keywords: cost of capital, distribution in the Philippines, East Asia, government expenditure, Income Distribution, increase equity, land reform, Personal income, Philippines, Poverty, poverty incidence, poverty rate, WP\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- Poverty, Income Distribution, and Economic Policy in the Philippines - WP/98/20\n  - Poverty, Income Distribution, and Economic Policy in the Philippines - WP/98/20 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Poverty, Income Distribution, and Economic Policy in the Philippines - WP/98/20 (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/30/poverty-income-distribution-and-economic-policy-in-the-philippines-2515"
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    "Authors: Philip R. Gerson",
    "Published: February 1, 1998",
    "Series: IMF Working Papers",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451922196.001",
    "Income distribution in the Philippines is highly uneven.",
    "Poverty rates in the Philippines are higher than in other ASEAN countries.",
    "The poverty rate has declined over time, but the rate of decline has been lower than in other countries.",
    "Income inequality has been persistent.",
    "These outcomes are attributed to historically slow economic growth, owing in part to poor policies and past failures to reduce structural impediments to a more equal distribution of income.",
    "Despite reforms in recent years, it will likely take some time to erase the effects of past policies.",
    "Historically slow economic growth is identified as a central factor contributing to high poverty and persistent inequality.",
    "Poor policies are cited as part of the reason for slow growth.",
    "Past failures to reduce structural impediments have contributed to an unequal distribution of income.",
    "Recent reforms are noted, but their effects are considered insufficient to quickly reverse legacy impacts.",
    "Subjects: Education, Expenditure, Income distribution, National accounts, Personal income, Poverty",
    "Keywords: cost of capital, distribution in the Philippines, East Asia, government expenditure, Income Distribution, increase equity, land reform, Personal income, Philippines, Poverty, poverty incidence, poverty rate, WP",
    "**Poverty, Income Distribution, and Economic Policy in the Philippines - WP/98/20**"
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