{
  "title": "Shadow Economies Around the World: Size, Causes, and Consequences",
  "publication": "IMF Working Papers, January 1, 2000",
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  "summary": "This paper presents estimates of the size of the shadow economy in 76 developing, transition, and OECD countries, which are derived by combining figures from different estimation methods. We describe and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the different estimation methods.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Overview",
      "content": "- Paper presents estimates of the size of the shadow economy in 76 developing, transition, and OECD countries.\n- Estimates are derived by combining figures from different estimation methods.\n- The paper describes and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the different estimation methods.\n- Publication date: January 1, 2000.\n- Length: 56 pages."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Key findings",
      "content": "- The shadow economy is \"remarkably large\" in the 76 countries studied.\n- Growth of the shadow economy is strongly related to:\n  - increasing burdens of taxation and social security contributions;\n  - the extent of state regulatory activities.\n- Rising corruption has a clearly positive impact on the growth of the shadow economy."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Methods and limitations",
      "content": "- Estimates combine figures from multiple estimation methods.\n- The paper discusses strengths and weaknesses of the different estimation methods (details in full text)."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Policy implications and analysis",
      "content": "- Fiscal and regulatory burdens (taxation and social security contributions, regulatory activities) are central drivers of shadow-economy growth.\n- Corruption reduction is implicated as a policy lever to contain shadow-economy expansion.\n- Implicit recommendation: reform tax and social security burdens and streamline regulatory frameworks to reduce incentives for informal activity (policy emphasis follows from the relationships documented).\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- Shadow Economies Around the World:  Size, Causes, and Consequences - WP/00/26\n  - Shadow Economies Around the World:  Size, Causes, and Consequences - WP/00/26 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Shadow Economies Around the World:  Size, Causes, and Consequences - WP/00/26 (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/30/shadow-economies-around-the-world-size-causes-and-consequences-3435"
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    "Authors: Friedrich Schneider, Dominik Enste",
    "Published: January 1, 2000",
    "Series: IMF Working Papers",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451844375.001",
    "Paper presents estimates of the size of the shadow economy in 76 developing, transition, and OECD countries.",
    "Estimates are derived by combining figures from different estimation methods.",
    "The paper describes and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the different estimation methods.",
    "Publication date: January 1, 2000.",
    "Length: 56 pages.",
    "The shadow economy is \"remarkably large\" in the 76 countries studied.",
    "Growth of the shadow economy is strongly related to:",
    "Rising corruption has a clearly positive impact on the growth of the shadow economy.",
    "Estimates combine figures from multiple estimation methods.",
    "The paper discusses strengths and weaknesses of the different estimation methods (details in full text).",
    "Fiscal and regulatory burdens (taxation and social security contributions, regulatory activities) are central drivers of shadow-economy growth.",
    "Corruption reduction is implicated as a policy lever to contain shadow-economy expansion.",
    "Implicit recommendation: reform tax and social security burdens and streamline regulatory frameworks to reduce incentives for informal activity (policy emphasis follows from the relationships documented).",
    "**Shadow Economies Around the World:  Size, Causes, and Consequences - WP/00/26**"
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