{
  "title": "The Efficiency of Education Expenditure in Portugal",
  "publication": "IMF Working Papers, December 1, 1999",
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  "summary": "This paper assesses the efficiency of education expenditure in Portugal and delineates a possible agenda for reform. Portugal’s low educational performance has coincided with the highest level of primary and secondary education expenditure to GDP in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Deve",
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    {
      "heading": "Overview",
      "content": "- This paper assesses the efficiency of education expenditure in Portugal and delineates a possible agenda for reform.\n- Portugal’s low educational performance has coincided with the highest level of primary and secondary education expenditure to GDP in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), suggesting considerable inefficiency.\n- Empirical results are obtained from the application of a nonparametric technique for production frontier estimation (Free Disposable Hull analysis)."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Empirical findings",
      "content": "- The application of Free Disposable Hull analysis supports the view that Portugal’s primary and secondary education expenditure exhibits considerable inefficiency relative to OECD peers.\n- Key empirical observation: Portugal combines low educational performance with the highest level of primary and secondary education expenditure to GDP in the OECD."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Policy recommendations and reform agenda",
      "content": "- Adoption of a goal-oriented management and incentive system.\n- Establishment of minimum student/teacher ratios.\n- Easing of employment and work rules governing public school teachers.\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- The Efficiency of Education Expenditure in Portugal - WP/99/179\n  - The Efficiency of Education Expenditure in Portugal - WP/99/179 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - The Efficiency of Education Expenditure in Portugal - WP/99/179 (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/30/the-efficiency-of-education-expenditure-in-portugal-3371"
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    "Authors: Benedict J. Clements",
    "Published: December 1, 1999",
    "Series: IMF Working Papers",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451859010.001",
    "This paper assesses the efficiency of education expenditure in Portugal and delineates a possible agenda for reform.",
    "Portugal’s low educational performance has coincided with the highest level of primary and secondary education expenditure to GDP in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), suggesting considerable inefficiency.",
    "Empirical results are obtained from the application of a nonparametric technique for production frontier estimation (Free Disposable Hull analysis).",
    "The application of Free Disposable Hull analysis supports the view that Portugal’s primary and secondary education expenditure exhibits considerable inefficiency relative to OECD peers.",
    "Key empirical observation: Portugal combines low educational performance with the highest level of primary and secondary education expenditure to GDP in the OECD.",
    "Adoption of a goal-oriented management and incentive system.",
    "Establishment of minimum student/teacher ratios.",
    "Easing of employment and work rules governing public school teachers.",
    "**The Efficiency of Education Expenditure in Portugal - WP/99/179**"
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