{
  "title": "Why is Unemployment High in the Philippines?",
  "publication": "IMF Working Papers, February 1, 2002",
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  "summary": "Unemployment has remained high in the Philippines, at almost twice the level of neighboring countries, despite relatively fast employment growth in the past decade. Employment growth was not sufficient to reduce unemployment because of rapid population growth and increased labor force participation.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Overview",
      "content": "- Unemployment has remained high in the Philippines, at almost twice the level of neighboring countries, despite relatively fast employment growth in the past decade.\n- Employment growth was not sufficient to reduce unemployment because of rapid population growth and increased labor force participation."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Key findings",
      "content": "- Philippine employment growth and unemployment declines were positively correlated with real GDP growth.\n- Employment growth and unemployment declines were, to a lesser extent, negatively correlated with the real minimum wage.\n- Rapid population growth and increased labor force participation offset employment gains."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Empirical relationships and variables examined",
      "content": "- Real GDP growth: positively correlated with employment growth and unemployment declines.\n- Real minimum wage: negatively correlated (to a lesser extent) with employment growth and unemployment declines.\n- Other variables and keywords noted: adjusted unemployment rate, employment equation, employment growth, GDP deflator, job search, minimum wage variable, Minimum wages, Philippines, Philippines labor market indicator, unemployment, Unemployment rate, WP."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Policy implications and recommendations",
      "content": "- Higher economic growth is required to reduce unemployment.\n- Moderation of increases in the real minimum wage is required to reduce unemployment.\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- Why Is Unemployment High in the Philppines? - WP/02/23\n  - Why Is Unemployment High in the Philppines? - WP/02/23 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Why Is Unemployment High in the Philppines? - WP/02/23 (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/30/why-is-unemployment-high-in-the-philippines-15591"
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    "Authors: R. Brooks",
    "Published: February 1, 2002",
    "Series: IMF Working Papers",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451844054.001",
    "Unemployment has remained high in the Philippines, at almost twice the level of neighboring countries, despite relatively fast employment growth in the past decade.",
    "Employment growth was not sufficient to reduce unemployment because of rapid population growth and increased labor force participation.",
    "Philippine employment growth and unemployment declines were positively correlated with real GDP growth.",
    "Employment growth and unemployment declines were, to a lesser extent, negatively correlated with the real minimum wage.",
    "Rapid population growth and increased labor force participation offset employment gains.",
    "Real GDP growth: positively correlated with employment growth and unemployment declines.",
    "Real minimum wage: negatively correlated (to a lesser extent) with employment growth and unemployment declines.",
    "Other variables and keywords noted: adjusted unemployment rate, employment equation, employment growth, GDP deflator, job search, minimum wage variable, Minimum wages, Philippines, Philippines labor market indicator, unemployment, Unemployment rate, WP.",
    "Higher economic growth is required to reduce unemployment.",
    "Moderation of increases in the real minimum wage is required to reduce unemployment.",
    "**Why Is Unemployment High in the Philppines? - WP/02/23**"
  ],
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