{
  "title": "Assessing Protectionism and Subsidies in Agriculture: A Gravity Approach",
  "publication": "IMF Working Papers, January 1, 2005",
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  "summary": "This paper provides the first comprehensive empirical analysis of agricultural trade using a gravity model. The data set covers bilateral trade in agricultural goods for 152 countries over the periods 1990-93 and 1999-2002.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Research scope and data",
      "content": "- First comprehensive empirical analysis of agricultural trade using a gravity model.\n- Data set covers bilateral trade in agricultural goods for 152 countries over the periods 1990-93 and 1999-2002.\n- Author: Claudio A Paiva.\n- Date: January 1, 2005.\n- Pages: 17.\n- Volume: 2005.\n- Issue: 021.\n- Series: Working Paper No. 2005/021.\n- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451860405.001.\n- Stock No: WPIEA2005021.\n- ISBN: 9781451860405.\n- ISSN: 1018-5941."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Key findings",
      "content": "- Estimations support claims that protectionism and distortive subsidies to agriculture remain widespread in more developed nations.\n- More developed nations are shown to import less and export more agricultural products than expected given other economic, political, and geographic determinants of trade.\n- Some developing regions that are often thought to be the main victims of industrial-country protectionism are also found to be relatively closed to agricultural trade."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Subject areas and keywords",
      "content": "- Subject: Agricultural commodities, Agricultural exports, Agricultural imports, Agricultural policy, Imports.\n- Keywords: country, dummy variable, product, trade, WP."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Implications for policy and research",
      "content": "- Evidence points to continued prevalence of protectionism and distortive subsidies in developed countries, with implications for trade negotiations and domestic agricultural policy reform.\n- Findings suggest attention is also needed on trade openness within certain developing regions that may themselves impede agricultural trade.\n- Gravity-model based empirical analysis can inform targeted policy interventions by highlighting deviations from expected bilateral trade patterns after controlling for standard economic, political, and geographic determinants.\n\nIMF Working Paper — Assessing Protectionism and Subsidies in Agriculture: A Gravity Approach by Claudio A Paiva (Working Paper No. 2005/021).\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- wp0521\n  - wp0521 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - wp0521 (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/31/assessing-protectionism-and-subsidies-in-agriculture-a-gravity-approach-17850"
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    "Authors: Claudio A Paiva",
    "Published: January 1, 2005",
    "Series: IMF Working Papers",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451860405.001",
    "First comprehensive empirical analysis of agricultural trade using a gravity model.",
    "Data set covers bilateral trade in agricultural goods for 152 countries over the periods 1990-93 and 1999-2002.",
    "Author: Claudio A Paiva.",
    "Date: January 1, 2005.",
    "Pages: 17.",
    "Volume: 2005.",
    "Issue: 021.",
    "Series: Working Paper No. 2005/021.",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451860405.001.",
    "Stock No: WPIEA2005021.",
    "ISBN: 9781451860405.",
    "ISSN: 1018-5941.",
    "Estimations support claims that protectionism and distortive subsidies to agriculture remain widespread in more developed nations.",
    "More developed nations are shown to import less and export more agricultural products than expected given other economic, political, and geographic determinants of trade.",
    "Some developing regions that are often thought to be the main victims of industrial-country protectionism are also found to be relatively closed to agricultural trade.",
    "Subject: Agricultural commodities, Agricultural exports, Agricultural imports, Agricultural policy, Imports.",
    "Keywords: country, dummy variable, product, trade, WP.",
    "Evidence points to continued prevalence of protectionism and distortive subsidies in developed countries, with implications for trade negotiations and domestic agricultural policy reform.",
    "Findings suggest attention is also needed on trade openness within certain developing regions that may themselves impede agricultural trade.",
    "Gravity-model based empirical analysis can inform targeted policy interventions by highlighting deviations from expected bilateral trade patterns after controlling for standard economic, political, and geographic determinants.",
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