{
  "title": "Determinants of Public-Private Partnerships in Infrastructure",
  "publication": "IMF Working Papers, April 1, 2006",
  "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/31/determinants-of-public-private-partnerships-in-infrastructure-19086",
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  "summary": "This paper presents an empirical analysis of the cross-country and cross-industry determinants of public-private partnership (PPP) arrangements.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Summary findings",
      "content": "- PPPs tend to be more common in countries where governments suffer from heavy debt burdens.\n- PPPs are more prevalent where aggregate demand and market size are large.\n- Macroeconomic stability is essential for PPPs.\n- Institutional quality matters: less corruption and effective rule of law are associated with more PPP projects.\n- Previous PPP experience in a country is associated with more PPP projects.\n- At the industry level, PPP determinants vary depending on:\n  - the nature of public infrastructure,\n  - capital intensity,\n  - technology required.\n- Private participation in PPP projects depends on:\n  - expected marketability,\n  - the technology required,\n  - the degree of \"impurity\" of the goods or services."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Policy-relevant implications",
      "content": "- Strengthen macroeconomic stability to create an environment conducive to PPPs.\n- Improve institutional quality—reduce corruption and reinforce rule of law—to increase PPP activity.\n- Build and leverage PPP experience to attract further private participation.\n- Consider industry-specific design of PPP arrangements reflecting capital intensity, technology needs, and product/service impurity."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Publication and metadata",
      "content": "- Authors: Etienne B Yehoue, Mona Hammami, Jean-François Ruhashyankiko\n- Date: April 1, 2006\n- Series: Working Paper No. 2006/099\n- Issue: 099\n- Volume: 2006\n- Pages: 39\n- Stock No: WPIEA2006099\n- ISBN: 9781451863598\n- ISSN: 1018-5941\n- DOI: ---\n- Citation format provided: Etienne B Yehoue, Mona Hammami, and Jean-François Ruhashyankiko. \"Determinants of Public-Private Partnerships in Infrastructure\", IMF Working Papers 2006, 099 (2006), accessed 9/14/2026"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Subjects and keywords",
      "content": "- Subject: Exports, Infrastructure, Public investment and public-private partnerships (PPP), Purchasing power, Purchasing power parity\n- Keywords: infrastructure project, PPP arrangement, PPP experience, PPP project, PPPS help, WP\n\nSource: IMF Working Papers landing page for \"Determinants of Public-Private Partnerships in Infrastructure.\"\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- Wp0699\n  - Wp0699 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Wp0699 (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/31/determinants-of-public-private-partnerships-in-infrastructure-19086"
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    "Authors: Etienne B Yehoue, Mona Hammami, Jean-François Ruhashyankiko",
    "Published: April 1, 2006",
    "Series: IMF Working Papers",
    "PPPs tend to be more common in countries where governments suffer from heavy debt burdens.",
    "PPPs are more prevalent where aggregate demand and market size are large.",
    "Macroeconomic stability is essential for PPPs.",
    "Institutional quality matters: less corruption and effective rule of law are associated with more PPP projects.",
    "Previous PPP experience in a country is associated with more PPP projects.",
    "At the industry level, PPP determinants vary depending on:",
    "Private participation in PPP projects depends on:",
    "Strengthen macroeconomic stability to create an environment conducive to PPPs.",
    "Improve institutional quality—reduce corruption and reinforce rule of law—to increase PPP activity.",
    "Build and leverage PPP experience to attract further private participation.",
    "Consider industry-specific design of PPP arrangements reflecting capital intensity, technology needs, and product/service impurity.",
    "Authors: Etienne B Yehoue, Mona Hammami, Jean-François Ruhashyankiko",
    "Date: April 1, 2006",
    "Series: Working Paper No. 2006/099",
    "Issue: 099",
    "Volume: 2006",
    "Pages: 39",
    "Stock No: WPIEA2006099",
    "ISBN: 9781451863598",
    "ISSN: 1018-5941",
    "DOI: ---",
    "Citation format provided: Etienne B Yehoue, Mona Hammami, and Jean-François Ruhashyankiko. \"Determinants of Public-Private Partnerships in Infrastructure\", IMF Working Papers 2006, 099 (2006), accessed 9/14/2026",
    "Subject: Exports, Infrastructure, Public investment and public-private partnerships (PPP), Purchasing power, Purchasing power parity",
    "Keywords: infrastructure project, PPP arrangement, PPP experience, PPP project, PPPS help, WP",
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