{
  "title": "Health Spending in Japan: Macro-Fiscal Implications and Reform Options",
  "publication": "IMF Working Papers, August 4, 2014",
  "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/31/health-spending-in-japan-macro-fiscal-implications-and-reform-options-41815",
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  "summary": "Health spending has risen rapidly in Japan. We find two-thirds of the spending increase over 1990–2011 resulted from ageing, and the rest from excess cost growth.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Key findings",
      "content": "- Health spending has risen rapidly in Japan.\n- Two-thirds of the spending increase over 1990–2011 resulted from ageing.\n- The remainder of the spending increase over 1990–2011 resulted from excess cost growth."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Projections and fiscal implications",
      "content": "- Ageing alone will raise health spending by 3½ percentage points of GDP over 2010–30.\n- Excess cost growth at the rate observed over 1990–2011 will lead to an additional increase of 2–3 percentage points of GDP.\n- These projected increases will require a sizable increase in government transfers."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Policy analysis and reform options",
      "content": "- Japan can introduce micro- and macro-reforms to contain health spending.\n- Financing options should be designed to enhance equity.\n- Keywords and subject focus include: Aging; Expenditure; Health; Health care; Health care spending; Population and demographics; long-term care; LTC spending; profile shift; spending data; spending increase; spending ratio.\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- Wp14142\n  - Wp14142 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Wp14142 (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/31/health-spending-in-japan-macro-fiscal-implications-and-reform-options-41815"
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    "Authors: Masahiro Nozaki, Kenichiro Kashiwase, Ikuo Saito",
    "Published: August 4, 2014",
    "Series: IMF Working Papers",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781498365277.001",
    "Health spending has risen rapidly in Japan.",
    "Two-thirds of the spending increase over 1990–2011 resulted from ageing.",
    "The remainder of the spending increase over 1990–2011 resulted from excess cost growth.",
    "Ageing alone will raise health spending by 3½ percentage points of GDP over 2010–30.",
    "Excess cost growth at the rate observed over 1990–2011 will lead to an additional increase of 2–3 percentage points of GDP.",
    "These projected increases will require a sizable increase in government transfers.",
    "Japan can introduce micro- and macro-reforms to contain health spending.",
    "Financing options should be designed to enhance equity.",
    "Keywords and subject focus include: Aging; Expenditure; Health; Health care; Health care spending; Population and demographics; long-term care; LTC spending; profile shift; spending data; spending increase; spending ratio.",
    "**Wp14142**"
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