{
  "title": "Institutions versus Geography: Subnational Evidence from the United States",
  "publication": "IMF Working Papers, July 1, 2006",
  "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/31/institutions-versus-geography-subnational-evidence-from-the-united-states-19365",
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  "summary": "Empirical studies of the impact of geography and institutions on growth and development at the international level have become common place, but the high degree of abstraction at that level has led to calls for subnational studies.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Summary",
      "content": "- Empirical studies at the international level have become common, but abstraction has led to calls for subnational studies.\n- This paper examines Appalachia, identifying and measuring specific factors so as to obviate the need for instrumental variable techniques.\n- The evidence suggests that initial conditions, including both geography and institutions, are very important for economic development, having significant effects lasting hundreds of years."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Key findings",
      "content": "- Initial conditions (geography and institutions) are very important determinants of economic development.\n- Measured effects of these initial conditions persist for hundreds of years.\n- Subnational analysis of Appalachia allows identification and measurement of specific factors without relying on instrumental variable techniques."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Methodology",
      "content": "- Subnational case study focused on Appalachia in the United States.\n- Specific factors at play are identified and measured, removing the need for instrumental variable techniques common in cross-country studies."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Policy implications",
      "content": "- Policies aiming to foster long-run development should account for persistent effects of initial geographic and institutional conditions.\n- Institutional reforms and development strategies need to be informed by region-specific measurements of geography and institutions."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Subject areas and keywords",
      "content": "- Subject: Estimation techniques, Institutional arrangements for revenue administration, Personal income, Poverty, Spatial models\n- Keywords: parameter estimate, poverty rate, WP\n\nInstitutions versus Geography: Subnational Evidence from the United States — IMF Working Paper No. 2006/169\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- Wp06169\n  - Wp06169 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Wp06169 (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/31/institutions-versus-geography-subnational-evidence-from-the-united-states-19365"
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    "Authors: Alma Romero-Barrutieta, Eric V. Clifton",
    "Published: July 1, 2006",
    "Series: IMF Working Papers",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451864298.001",
    "Empirical studies at the international level have become common, but abstraction has led to calls for subnational studies.",
    "This paper examines Appalachia, identifying and measuring specific factors so as to obviate the need for instrumental variable techniques.",
    "The evidence suggests that initial conditions, including both geography and institutions, are very important for economic development, having significant effects lasting hundreds of years.",
    "Initial conditions (geography and institutions) are very important determinants of economic development.",
    "Measured effects of these initial conditions persist for hundreds of years.",
    "Subnational analysis of Appalachia allows identification and measurement of specific factors without relying on instrumental variable techniques.",
    "Subnational case study focused on Appalachia in the United States.",
    "Specific factors at play are identified and measured, removing the need for instrumental variable techniques common in cross-country studies.",
    "Policies aiming to foster long-run development should account for persistent effects of initial geographic and institutional conditions.",
    "Institutional reforms and development strategies need to be informed by region-specific measurements of geography and institutions.",
    "Subject: Estimation techniques, Institutional arrangements for revenue administration, Personal income, Poverty, Spatial models",
    "Keywords: parameter estimate, poverty rate, WP",
    "**Wp06169**"
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