{
  "title": "Mortality and Lifetime Income: Evidence from U.S. Social Security Records",
  "publication": "IMF Working Papers, January 1, 2007",
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  "summary": "Studies of the empirical relationship between income and mortality often rely on data aggregated by geographic areas and broad population groups and do not distinguish disabled and nondisabled persons.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Summary",
      "content": "- Studies of the empirical relationship between income and mortality often rely on data aggregated by geographic areas and broad population groups and do not distinguish disabled and nondisabled persons.\n- This study investigates the relationship between individual mortality and lifetime income with a large micro data base of current and former retired participants in the U. S. Social Security system.\n- Logit models by gender and race confirm a negative relationship between lifetime income and mortality.\n- Differences in age of death between low and high lifetime income are on the order of two to three years.\n- Income-related mortality differences between blacks and whites are largest at low-income levels.\n- Gender differences in mortality appear to be large and persistent across income levels."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Data and Methods",
      "content": "- Data source: large micro data base of current and former retired participants in the U. S. Social Security system (individual-level Social Security records).\n- Empirical approach: Logit models estimated separately by gender and race."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Key Findings and Quantitative Points",
      "content": "- Differences in age of death between low and high lifetime income: on the order of two to three years.\n- Income-related mortality differences between blacks and whites: largest at low-income levels.\n- Gender differences: large and persistent across income levels.\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- wp0715\n  - wp0715 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - wp0715 (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/31/mortality-and-lifetime-income-evidence-from-u-s-20205"
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    "[Markdown version](/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/31/mortality-and-lifetime-income-evidence-from-u-s-20205/index.md)",
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    "Authors: John S. Greenlees, James E. Duggan, Robert Gillingham",
    "Published: January 1, 2007",
    "Series: IMF Working Papers",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451865790.001",
    "Studies of the empirical relationship between income and mortality often rely on data aggregated by geographic areas and broad population groups and do not distinguish disabled and nondisabled persons.",
    "This study investigates the relationship between individual mortality and lifetime income with a large micro data base of current and former retired participants in the U. S. Social Security system.",
    "Logit models by gender and race confirm a negative relationship between lifetime income and mortality.",
    "Differences in age of death between low and high lifetime income are on the order of two to three years.",
    "Income-related mortality differences between blacks and whites are largest at low-income levels.",
    "Gender differences in mortality appear to be large and persistent across income levels.",
    "Data source: large micro data base of current and former retired participants in the U. S. Social Security system (individual-level Social Security records).",
    "Empirical approach: Logit models estimated separately by gender and race.",
    "Differences in age of death between low and high lifetime income: on the order of two to three years.",
    "Income-related mortality differences between blacks and whites: largest at low-income levels.",
    "Gender differences: large and persistent across income levels.",
    "**_wp0715**"
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