{
  "title": "Remittances and Vulnerability in Developing Countries",
  "publication": "IMF Working Papers, January 27, 2014",
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  "summary": "This paper examines how international remittances are affected by structural characteristics, macroeconomic conditions, and adverse shocks in both source and recipient economies.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Summary findings",
      "content": "- The paper examines how international remittances are affected by structural characteristics, macroeconomic conditions, and adverse shocks in both source and recipient economies.\n- Remittances are negatively correlated with the business cycle in recipient countries.\n- Remittances increase in response to adverse exogenous shocks, such as natural disasters or large declines in the terms of trade.\n- Remittances are positively correlated with economic conditions in the source province.\n- In the presence of similar negative shocks to both source and recipient economies, remittances remain counter-cyclical with respect to the recipient country."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Data and methods",
      "content": "- Novel, rich panel data set covering bilateral remittances from 103 Italian provinces to 107 developing countries.\n- Time period covered: 2005-2011.\n- Paper type: IMF Working Paper (Working Paper No. 2014/013).\n- Pages: 33."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Subject areas and keywords",
      "content": "- Subject: Balance of payments, Business cycles, Economic growth, Financial crises, Financial markets, Financial sector development, Global financial crisis of 2008-2009, Migration, Natural disasters, Population and demographics, Remittances.\n- Keywords: bilateral remittance, Business cycle, Business cycles, Financial sector development, Global, Global financial crisis of 2008-2009, Gravity model, Migration, remittance corridor, remittance inflow, Remittances, remittances outflow, Shocks, transfer cost, Vulnerability, WP."
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      "content": "- Available through IMF eLibrary in multiple formats.\n- Options listed on the page include: Download PDF, More Formats on IMF eLibrary, Order a Print Copy, Create Citation, Share, Preview Citation, Copy.\n- Preview citation format shown: Chicago — Giulia Bettin, Andrea F Presbitero, and Nikola Spatafora. \"Remittances and Vulnerability in Developing Countries\", IMF Working Papers 2014, 013 (2014), accessed 9/18/2026.\n\nContent based on the IMF web landing page for \"Remittances and Vulnerability in Developing Countries\".\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- Wp1413\n  - Wp1413 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Wp1413 (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/31/remittances-and-vulnerability-in-developing-countries-41279"
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    "Authors: Giulia Bettin, Andrea F Presbitero, Nikola Spatafora",
    "Published: January 27, 2014",
    "Series: IMF Working Papers",
    "The paper examines how international remittances are affected by structural characteristics, macroeconomic conditions, and adverse shocks in both source and recipient economies.",
    "Remittances are negatively correlated with the business cycle in recipient countries.",
    "Remittances increase in response to adverse exogenous shocks, such as natural disasters or large declines in the terms of trade.",
    "Remittances are positively correlated with economic conditions in the source province.",
    "In the presence of similar negative shocks to both source and recipient economies, remittances remain counter-cyclical with respect to the recipient country.",
    "Novel, rich panel data set covering bilateral remittances from 103 Italian provinces to 107 developing countries.",
    "Time period covered: 2005-2011.",
    "Paper type: IMF Working Paper (Working Paper No. 2014/013).",
    "Pages: 33.",
    "Subject: Balance of payments, Business cycles, Economic growth, Financial crises, Financial markets, Financial sector development, Global financial crisis of 2008-2009, Migration, Natural disasters, Population and demographics, Remittances.",
    "Keywords: bilateral remittance, Business cycle, Business cycles, Financial sector development, Global, Global financial crisis of 2008-2009, Gravity model, Migration, remittance corridor, remittance inflow, Remittances, remittances outflow, Shocks, transfer cost, Vulnerability, WP.",
    "Available through IMF eLibrary in multiple formats.",
    "Options listed on the page include: Download PDF, More Formats on IMF eLibrary, Order a Print Copy, Create Citation, Share, Preview Citation, Copy.",
    "Preview citation format shown: Chicago — Giulia Bettin, Andrea F Presbitero, and Nikola Spatafora. \"Remittances and Vulnerability in Developing Countries\", IMF Working Papers 2014, 013 (2014), accessed 9/18/2026.",
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