{
  "title": "Why Are Women Working So Much More in Canada? An International Perspective",
  "publication": "IMF Working Papers, April 1, 2006",
  "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/31/why-are-women-working-so-much-more-in-canada-an-international-perspective-18916",
  "canonical": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/31/why-are-women-working-so-much-more-in-canada-an-international-perspective-18916",
  "overlayPath": "/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/31/why-are-women-working-so-much-more-in-canada-an-international-perspective-18916/index.md",
  "summary": "This paper analyzes the role of the tax and benefit system in spurring the impressive increase in Canadian female labor participation in the last decade.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Summary and principal finding",
      "content": "- This paper analyzes the role of the tax and benefit system in spurring the impressive increase in Canadian female labor participation in the last decade.\n- Using annual panel data for 10 large industrial countries over the period 1980-2001, the author finds that reforms in the Canadian tax and benefit system in the mid-1990s account for at least one-third of the observed increase in female participation in the period 1995-2001.\n- The analysis indicates that policy initiatives similar to the \"family-friendly\" policies introduced in Canada could boost female participation in other countries and help policymakers meet the challenges of population aging."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Methodology and data",
      "content": "- Data: annual panel data for 10 large industrial countries.\n- Period covered: 1980-2001.\n- Focus: evaluation of tax and benefit system reforms in Canada in the mid-1990s and their impact on female labor participation."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Key quantitative results and measurements",
      "content": "- Time window of impact assessed: 1995-2001.\n- Contribution of mid-1990s Canadian tax and benefit reforms to the observed increase in female participation: at least one-third.\n- Pages: 37.\n- Volume: 2006.\n- Issue: 092.\n- Series: Working Paper No. 2006/092.\n- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451863529.001\n- Stock No: WPIEA2006092\n- ISBN: 9781451863529\n- ISSN: 1018-5941"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Policy implications and recommendations",
      "content": "- Reforms in tax and benefit systems that make policies more \"family-friendly\" can have significant effects on female labor participation.\n- Policy initiatives similar to those introduced in Canada could be used by other countries to boost female participation and to help address challenges associated with population aging."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Metadata and authorship",
      "content": "- Author: Evridiki Tsounta\n- Date: April 1, 2006\n- Subject: Labor, Labor force participation, Labor markets, Tax wedge, Women\n- Keywords: childcare benefit, Select OECD country, tax, WP\n- Format options noted: Download PDF; More Formats on IMF eLibrary; Order a Print Copy; Create Citation\n\nEvridiki Tsounta. \"Why Are Women Working So Much More in Canada? An International Perspective\", IMF Working Papers 2006, 092 (2006), DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451863529.001.\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- wp0692\n  - wp0692 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - wp0692 (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/31/why-are-women-working-so-much-more-in-canada-an-international-perspective-18916"
    }
  ],
  "bullets": [
    "[Markdown version](/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/31/why-are-women-working-so-much-more-in-canada-an-international-perspective-18916/index.md)",
    "[Structured JSON version](/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/31/why-are-women-working-so-much-more-in-canada-an-international-perspective-18916/index.json)",
    "[Bundle manifest](/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/31/why-are-women-working-so-much-more-in-canada-an-international-perspective-18916/bundle-manifest.json)",
    "Authors: Evridiki Tsounta",
    "Published: April 1, 2006",
    "Series: IMF Working Papers",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451863529.001",
    "This paper analyzes the role of the tax and benefit system in spurring the impressive increase in Canadian female labor participation in the last decade.",
    "Using annual panel data for 10 large industrial countries over the period 1980-2001, the author finds that reforms in the Canadian tax and benefit system in the mid-1990s account for at least one-third of the observed increase in female participation in the period 1995-2001.",
    "The analysis indicates that policy initiatives similar to the \"family-friendly\" policies introduced in Canada could boost female participation in other countries and help policymakers meet the challenges of population aging.",
    "Data: annual panel data for 10 large industrial countries.",
    "Period covered: 1980-2001.",
    "Focus: evaluation of tax and benefit system reforms in Canada in the mid-1990s and their impact on female labor participation.",
    "Time window of impact assessed: 1995-2001.",
    "Contribution of mid-1990s Canadian tax and benefit reforms to the observed increase in female participation: at least one-third.",
    "Pages: 37.",
    "Volume: 2006.",
    "Issue: 092.",
    "Series: Working Paper No. 2006/092.",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451863529.001",
    "Stock No: WPIEA2006092",
    "ISBN: 9781451863529",
    "ISSN: 1018-5941",
    "Reforms in tax and benefit systems that make policies more \"family-friendly\" can have significant effects on female labor participation.",
    "Policy initiatives similar to those introduced in Canada could be used by other countries to boost female participation and to help address challenges associated with population aging.",
    "Author: Evridiki Tsounta",
    "Date: April 1, 2006",
    "Subject: Labor, Labor force participation, Labor markets, Tax wedge, Women",
    "Keywords: childcare benefit, Select OECD country, tax, WP",
    "Format options noted: Download PDF; More Formats on IMF eLibrary; Order a Print Copy; Create Citation",
    "**_wp0692**"
  ],
  "related": [
    {
      "title": "_wp0692",
      "role": "document",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/-/media/websites/imf/imported-full-text-pdf/external/pubs/ft/wp/2006/_wp0692.pdf",
      "summary": {
        "path": "/-/media/websites/imf/imported-full-text-pdf/external/pubs/ft/wp/2006/_wp0692.pdf.md",
        "mime": "text/markdown"
      },
      "binary": {
        "path": "/-/media/websites/imf/imported-full-text-pdf/external/pubs/ft/wp/2006/_wp0692.pdf",
        "mime": "application/pdf"
      }
    }
  ],
  "alternates": {
    "markdown": "/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/31/why-are-women-working-so-much-more-in-canada-an-international-perspective-18916/index.md",
    "json": "/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/31/why-are-women-working-so-much-more-in-canada-an-international-perspective-18916/index.json",
    "bundleManifest": "/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/31/why-are-women-working-so-much-more-in-canada-an-international-perspective-18916/bundle-manifest.json"
  },
  "generatedAtUtc": "2026-09-18T10:36:33.749Z"
}