{
  "title": "The Exposure to Routinization: Labor Market Implications for Developed and Developing Economies",
  "publication": "IMF Working Papers, June 13, 2018",
  "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2018/06/13/the-exposure-to-routinization-labor-market-implications-for-developed-and-developing-45989",
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  "summary": "Evidence that the automation of routine tasks has contributed to the polarization of labor markets has been documented for many developed economies, but little is known about its incidence in developing economies.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Overview and objective",
      "content": "- Title: The Exposure to Routinization: Labor Market Implications for Developed and Developing Economies\n- Authors: Mitali Das, Benjamin Hilgenstock\n- Publication date: June 13, 2018\n- Series: Working Paper No. 2018/135\n- Issue: 135\n- Pages: 39\n- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484361900.001\n- ISBN: 9781484361900\n- ISSN: 1018-5941\n- Core objective: Propose a measure of the exposure to routinization (the risk of displacement of labor by information technology) and assemble empirical facts linking exposure to prospects of labor-market polarization across countries."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Key empirical findings",
      "content": "- Sample coverage:\n  - Exposure measures drawn for about 85 countries since 1990.\n- Main empirical facts established:\n  - (1) Developing economies are significantly less exposed to routinization than their developed counterparts.\n  - (2) The initial exposure to routinization is a strong predictor of the long-run exposure.\n  - (3) Among countries with high initial exposures to routinization, polarization dynamics have been strong and subsequent exposures have fallen; while among those with low initial exposure, the globalization of trade and structural transformation have prevailed and routine exposures have risen.\n- Evidence on polarization:\n  - Documented automation-driven polarization in many developed economies.\n  - Little evidence of polarization in developing countries thus far."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Interpretation and implications",
      "content": "- Trends:\n  - Rapidly rising exposures to routinization in many countries.\n- Risks and potential consequences:\n  - Escalation of future labor market polarization risks.\n  - Potentially significant consequences for productivity, growth and distribution."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Subject tags and keywords (as provided)",
      "content": "- Subject: Economic growth, Employment, Labor, Labor force, Labor markets, Structural transformation\n- Keywords: automation, developed economy, developing economy, economies fall, Employment, employment share, exposure to routinization, Global, globalization, inequality, information technology, Labor force, Labor markets, Polarization, routine exposure, routine occupations, structural transformation, WP\n\nSource: IMF Working Paper No. 2018/135, \"The Exposure to Routinization: Labor Market Implications for Developed and Developing Economies\", Mitali Das and Benjamin Hilgenstock, June 13, 2018.\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- wp18135 - Section 3 discusses the drivers and mechanisms which lie behind polarization in developed\n  - wp18135 - Section 3 discusses the drivers and mechanisms which lie behind polarization in developed (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - wp18135 - Section 3 discusses the drivers and mechanisms which lie behind polarization in developed (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2018/06/13/the-exposure-to-routinization-labor-market-implications-for-developed-and-developing-45989"
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    "Authors: Mitali Das, Benjamin Hilgenstock",
    "Published: June 13, 2018",
    "Series: IMF Working Papers",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484361900.001",
    "Title: The Exposure to Routinization: Labor Market Implications for Developed and Developing Economies",
    "Authors: Mitali Das, Benjamin Hilgenstock",
    "Publication date: June 13, 2018",
    "Series: Working Paper No. 2018/135",
    "Issue: 135",
    "Pages: 39",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484361900.001",
    "ISBN: 9781484361900",
    "ISSN: 1018-5941",
    "Core objective: Propose a measure of the exposure to routinization (the risk of displacement of labor by information technology) and assemble empirical facts linking exposure to prospects of labor-market polarization across countries.",
    "Sample coverage:",
    "Main empirical facts established:",
    "Evidence on polarization:",
    "Trends:",
    "Risks and potential consequences:",
    "Subject: Economic growth, Employment, Labor, Labor force, Labor markets, Structural transformation",
    "Keywords: automation, developed economy, developing economy, economies fall, Employment, employment share, exposure to routinization, Global, globalization, inequality, information technology, Labor force, Labor markets, Polarization, routine exposure, routine occupations, structural transformation, WP",
    "**wp18135 - Section 3 discusses the drivers and mechanisms which lie behind polarization in developed**"
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