{
  "title": "Still Attached? Are Social Safety Nets Working? Labor Force Participation in European Regions",
  "publication": "IMF Working Papers, July 13, 2018",
  "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2018/07/13/still-attached-are-social-safety-nets-working-labor-force-participation-in-european-regions-46068",
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  "summary": "The paper examines the evolution and drivers of labor force participation in European regions, focusing on the effects of trade and technology. As in the United States, rural regions within European countries saw more pronounced declines (or smaller increases) in participation than urban regions.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Summary and scope",
      "content": "- Authors: Benjamin Hilgenstock, Zsoka Koczan\n- Publication date: July 13, 2018\n- Paper type: IMF Working Paper No. 2018/165\n- Pages: 26\n- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484367636.001\n- Main focus: Evolution and drivers of labor force participation in European regions, with emphasis on the effects of trade and technology."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Key findings",
      "content": "- Rural versus urban dynamics:\n  - Rural regions within European countries saw more pronounced declines (or smaller increases) in labor force participation than urban regions.\n- Role of trade and technology:\n  - Trade and technology effects are captured using novel measures of initial exposures to routinization and offshoring.\n  - Unlike in the United States, trade and technology did not result in detachment from the workforce in European regions.\n  - Regions with high initial exposures to routinization and offshoring experienced so-far larger increases in participation.\n  - The observed larger increases are likely driven by an added second worker effect."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Methodology and measures",
      "content": "- Novel measures used:\n  - Initial exposure to routinization.\n  - Initial exposure to offshoring.\n- Comparative framing:\n  - Analysis contrasts European regional patterns with documented patterns in the United States."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Thematic tags and keywords",
      "content": "- Subject areas: Aging, Employment, Labor, Labor force participation, Population and demographics, Technology\n- Keywords: automation, cyclical condition, dependency ratio, effects of automation, Employment, employment-reducing effect, Europe, exposure to offshoring, exposure to routinization, Global, inactivity rate area, labor force, Labor force participation, offshoring distribution, offshoring due, supply chain integration, technology, WP"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Publication identifiers",
      "content": "- Volume: 2018\n- Issue: 165\n- Series: Working Paper No. 2018/165\n- Stock No: WPIEA2018165\n- ISBN: 9781484367636\n- ISSN: 1018-5941\n\nIMF Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to encourage debate. The views expressed in IMF Working Papers are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the IMF, its Executive Board, or IMF management.\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- 1. All Regions\n  - 1. All Regions (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - 1. All Regions (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2018/07/13/still-attached-are-social-safety-nets-working-labor-force-participation-in-european-regions-46068"
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    "Authors: Benjamin Hilgenstock, Zsoka Koczan",
    "Published: July 13, 2018",
    "Series: IMF Working Papers",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484367636.001",
    "Authors: Benjamin Hilgenstock, Zsoka Koczan",
    "Publication date: July 13, 2018",
    "Paper type: IMF Working Paper No. 2018/165",
    "Pages: 26",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484367636.001",
    "Main focus: Evolution and drivers of labor force participation in European regions, with emphasis on the effects of trade and technology.",
    "Rural versus urban dynamics:",
    "Role of trade and technology:",
    "Novel measures used:",
    "Comparative framing:",
    "Subject areas: Aging, Employment, Labor, Labor force participation, Population and demographics, Technology",
    "Keywords: automation, cyclical condition, dependency ratio, effects of automation, Employment, employment-reducing effect, Europe, exposure to offshoring, exposure to routinization, Global, inactivity rate area, labor force, Labor force participation, offshoring distribution, offshoring due, supply chain integration, technology, WP",
    "Volume: 2018",
    "Issue: 165",
    "Series: Working Paper No. 2018/165",
    "Stock No: WPIEA2018165",
    "ISBN: 9781484367636",
    "ISSN: 1018-5941",
    "**1. All Regions**"
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