{
  "title": "The Russian State’s Size and its Footprint: Have They Increased?",
  "publication": "IMF Working Papers, March 8, 2019",
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  "summary": "The short answer: The size of the Russian State has not increased much in the last few years, but its economic footprint remains significant. Concretely, the state's size increased from about 32 percent of GDP in 2012 to 33 percent in 2016, not far from the EBRD's estimate of 35 percent for 2005-10.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Summary findings",
      "content": "- Short answer: The size of the Russian State has not increased much in the last few years, but its economic footprint remains significant.\n- The state's size increased from about 32 percent of GDP in 2012 to 33 percent in 2016.\n- The 2012–2016 series is \"not far from the EBRD's estimate of 35 percent for 2005-10.\"\n- This evidence contrasts with a mainstream narrative that contends the state's size doubled in the last decade."
    },
    {
      "heading": "State footprint in activity and employment",
      "content": "- State share in formal sector activity: close to 40 percent.\n- State share in formal sector employment: about 50 percent.\n- These measures indicate a deep state footprint despite limited change in overall state size as a share of GDP."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Market structure, competition, and efficiency",
      "content": "- Sectors in which the state is present are more concentrated.\n- Concentration is large even in sectors where the state's share is low.\n- Implication: need to protect and promote competition, with particular emphasis on state procurement."
    },
    {
      "heading": "State-owned enterprises (SOEs) performance",
      "content": "- SOEs' performance appears weaker than that of privately-owned firms.\n- Weaker SOE performance may be subtracting from growth."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Policy recommendations and implications",
      "content": "- Protect and promote competition across sectors, including where state presence is limited.\n- Strengthen competition safeguards in state procurement to mitigate concentration effects.\n- Address weaker SOE performance to reduce its potential drag on growth.\n\nGabriel Di Bella, Oksana Dynnikova, and Slavi T Slavov. March 8, 2019. IMF Working Papers 2019, 053 (2019).\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- Working Paper\n  - Working Paper (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Working Paper (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2019/03/09/the-russian-states-size-and-its-footprint-have-they-increased-46662"
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    "Authors: Gabriel Di Bella, Oksana Dynnikova, Slavi T Slavov",
    "Published: March 8, 2019",
    "Series: IMF Working Papers",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781498302791.001",
    "Short answer: The size of the Russian State has not increased much in the last few years, but its economic footprint remains significant.",
    "The state's size increased from about 32 percent of GDP in 2012 to 33 percent in 2016.",
    "The 2012–2016 series is \"not far from the EBRD's estimate of 35 percent for 2005-10.\"",
    "This evidence contrasts with a mainstream narrative that contends the state's size doubled in the last decade.",
    "State share in formal sector activity: close to 40 percent.",
    "State share in formal sector employment: about 50 percent.",
    "These measures indicate a deep state footprint despite limited change in overall state size as a share of GDP.",
    "Sectors in which the state is present are more concentrated.",
    "Concentration is large even in sectors where the state's share is low.",
    "Implication: need to protect and promote competition, with particular emphasis on state procurement.",
    "SOEs' performance appears weaker than that of privately-owned firms.",
    "Weaker SOE performance may be subtracting from growth.",
    "Protect and promote competition across sectors, including where state presence is limited.",
    "Strengthen competition safeguards in state procurement to mitigate concentration effects.",
    "Address weaker SOE performance to reduce its potential drag on growth.",
    "**Working Paper**"
  ],
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