{
  "title": "Informality and Gender Gaps Going Hand in Hand",
  "publication": "IMF Working Papers, May 23, 2019",
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  "summary": "In sub-Saharan Africa women work relatively more in the informal sector than men. Many factors could explain this difference, including women’s lower education levels, legal barriers, social norms and demographic characteristics.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Overview",
      "content": "- Publication type: IMF Working Papers\n- Authors: Vivian Malta, Lisa L Kolovich, Angelica Martinez, Marina Mendes Tavares\n- Date: May 23, 2019\n- Core observation: In sub-Saharan Africa women work relatively more in the informal sector than men.\n- Hypothesized explanatory factors reported: women’s lower education levels, legal barriers, social norms, and demographic characteristics.\n- Cross-country evidence: Cross-country comparisons indicate strong associations between gender gaps and higher female informality."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Key findings (from microdata analysis for Senegal)",
      "content": "- In urban areas, being a woman increases the probability of a worker being informal by 8.5 percent.\n- Education is usually more relevant for women in affecting informality outcomes.\n- Having kids reduces men’s probability of being informal but increases women’s probability of being informal."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Context and methods",
      "content": "- Empirical approach: Uses microdata from Senegal to assess the probability of a worker being informal.\n- Regional focus: sub-Saharan Africa with a detailed case study on Senegal."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Subject areas and keywords",
      "content": "- Subject: Education, Gender, Gender inequality, Informal employment, Labor, Women\n- Keywords: account worker, family worker, Gender Gaps, Gender inequality, informal economy, Informal employment, informal worker, labor force, paid worker, Senegal, Senegalese worker, sub-Saharan Africa, sub-Saharan Africa country, Women, working man, working woman, WP\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- Working Paper\n  - Working Paper (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Working Paper (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2019/05/23/informality-and-gender-gaps-going-hand-in-hand-46888"
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    "Authors: Vivian Malta, Lisa L Kolovich, Angelica Martinez, Marina Mendes Tavares",
    "Published: May 23, 2019",
    "Series: IMF Working Papers",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781498314718.001",
    "Publication type: IMF Working Papers",
    "Authors: Vivian Malta, Lisa L Kolovich, Angelica Martinez, Marina Mendes Tavares",
    "Date: May 23, 2019",
    "Core observation: In sub-Saharan Africa women work relatively more in the informal sector than men.",
    "Hypothesized explanatory factors reported: women’s lower education levels, legal barriers, social norms, and demographic characteristics.",
    "Cross-country evidence: Cross-country comparisons indicate strong associations between gender gaps and higher female informality.",
    "In urban areas, being a woman increases the probability of a worker being informal by 8.5 percent.",
    "Education is usually more relevant for women in affecting informality outcomes.",
    "Having kids reduces men’s probability of being informal but increases women’s probability of being informal.",
    "Empirical approach: Uses microdata from Senegal to assess the probability of a worker being informal.",
    "Regional focus: sub-Saharan Africa with a detailed case study on Senegal.",
    "Subject: Education, Gender, Gender inequality, Informal employment, Labor, Women",
    "Keywords: account worker, family worker, Gender Gaps, Gender inequality, informal economy, Informal employment, informal worker, labor force, paid worker, Senegal, Senegalese worker, sub-Saharan Africa, sub-Saharan Africa country, Women, working man, working woman, WP",
    "**Working Paper**"
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