{
  "title": "Explaining the Shadow Economy in Europe: Size, Causes and Policy Options",
  "publication": "IMF Working Papers, December 13, 2019",
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  "summary": "This paper examines the drivers, and reestimates the size of shadow economies in Europe, with a focus on the emerging economies, and recommends policies to increase formality. The size of shadow economies declined across Europe in recent years but remains significant, especially in Eastern Europe.",
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      "heading": "Summary and scope",
      "content": "- Examines drivers and reestimates the size of shadow economies in Europe, with a focus on the emerging economies.\n- Argues that a comprehensive package of reforms, focused on country-specific drivers, is needed to successfully combat the shadow economy.\n- Emphasizes policies to increase formality across a menu tailored to Europe’s emerging economies."
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      "heading": "Key findings on size and trends",
      "content": "- The size of shadow economies declined across Europe in recent years but remains significant, especially in Eastern Europe."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Determinants in emerging European economies",
      "content": "- The key determinants of shadow economy size identified are:\n  - regulatory quality\n  - government effectiveness\n  - human capital"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Policy recommendations and menu of reforms",
      "content": "- A comprehensive, country-specific package of reforms is recommended.\n- The menu of policies most relevant for Europe’s emerging economies includes:\n  - reducing regulatory and administrative burdens\n  - promoting transparency and improving government effectiveness\n  - improving tax compliance\n  - automating procedures\n  - promoting electronic payments\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- Working Paper\n  - Working Paper (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Working Paper (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2019/12/13/explaining-the-shadow-economy-in-europe-size-causes-and-policy-options-48821"
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    "Authors: Ben Kelmanson, Koralai Kirabaeva, Leandro Medina, Jason Weiss",
    "Published: December 13, 2019",
    "Series: IMF Working Papers",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513520698.001",
    "Examines drivers and reestimates the size of shadow economies in Europe, with a focus on the emerging economies.",
    "Argues that a comprehensive package of reforms, focused on country-specific drivers, is needed to successfully combat the shadow economy.",
    "Emphasizes policies to increase formality across a menu tailored to Europe’s emerging economies.",
    "The size of shadow economies declined across Europe in recent years but remains significant, especially in Eastern Europe.",
    "The key determinants of shadow economy size identified are:",
    "A comprehensive, country-specific package of reforms is recommended.",
    "The menu of policies most relevant for Europe’s emerging economies includes:",
    "**Working Paper**"
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