## Education and Health for Inclusiveness

_IMF Working Papers, March 5, 2021_

## Source details

**Canonical URL:** [Education and Health for Inclusiveness](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2021/03/05/education-and-health-for-inclusiveness-50135)

## Other formats

- [Markdown version](/en/publications/wp/issues/2021/03/05/education-and-health-for-inclusiveness-50135/index.md)
- [Structured JSON version](/en/publications/wp/issues/2021/03/05/education-and-health-for-inclusiveness-50135/index.json)
- [Bundle manifest](/en/publications/wp/issues/2021/03/05/education-and-health-for-inclusiveness-50135/bundle-manifest.json)

## Bibliographic details
- Authors: Nikola Spatafora
- Published: March 5, 2021
- Series: IMF Working Papers
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513571539.001

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### Summary
- Discusses existing shortfalls and inequalities in the accumulation of human capital—knowledge, skills, and health.
- Analyzes immediate and systemic causes of these shortfalls and inequalities.
- Assesses the scope for public intervention.
- Broad policy goals identified:
  - Improve the quality, and not just the quantity, of education and health care.
  - Improve outcomes for disadvantaged groups.
  - Improve lifelong outcomes.
- Means to achieve goals while maximizing value for money:
  - Focus on results rather than just inputs.
  - Move from piecemeal interventions to systemic reform.
  - Adopt a “whole-of-society” approach.
- Reforms must be underpinned by a robust evidence base.

### Findings on shortfalls and inequalities
- Existing shortfalls and inequalities exist in the accumulation of human capital—knowledge, skills, and health.
- Disadvantaged groups face worse outcomes in education and health accumulation.

### Immediate and systemic causes (analysis)
- The paper analyzes both immediate and systemic causes of deficits in education and health accumulation (no further granular cause listings provided on the landing page).

### Policy goals
- Quality improvement: prioritize quality of education and health care, not only quantity.
- Equity: improve outcomes for disadvantaged groups.
- Lifelong perspective: improve lifelong outcomes across the life cycle.

### Policy means and recommendations
- Focus on results rather than just inputs.
- Transition from piecemeal interventions to systemic reform.
- Adopt a “whole-of-society” approach to reforms.
- Ensure reforms are underpinned by a robust evidence base.
- Maximize value for money when designing and implementing interventions.

### Subject categories and keywords
- Subject: Education, Health, Health care, Human capital, Labor, Labor force
- Keywords: basic education, complement teacher training, computer-assisted learning, Education, Global, good health, Health, Health care, health outcome, Human capital, Inclusive Growth, Inclusive Growth., Labor force, primary care, secondary education, transfer program, WP

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## Content in this bundle

- **Working Paper**
  - [Working Paper (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/wp/2021/english/wpiea2021060-print-pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [Working Paper (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/wp/2021/english/wpiea2021060-print-pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}

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_Source: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2021/03/05/education-and-health-for-inclusiveness-50135_