## Forecasting Social Unrest: A Machine Learning Approach

_IMF Working Papers, November 5, 2021_

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## Bibliographic details
- Authors: Chris Redl, Sandile Hlatshwayo
- Published: November 5, 2021
- Series: IMF Working Papers
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781557758873.001

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### Summary
- Produces a social unrest risk index for 125 countries covering a period of 1996 to 2020.
- Risk is defined as the probability of unrest in the following year derived from a machine learning model.
- The prediction model correctly forecasts unrest in the following year approximately two-thirds of the time.
- Shapley values indicate that key drivers of the predictions include high levels of unrest, food price inflation and mobile phone penetration.

### Data and Model
- Coverage: 125 countries.
- Time span: 1996 to 2020.
- Predictors: over 340 indicators covering a wide range of macro-financial, socioeconomic, development and political variables.
- Outcome: probability of unrest in the following year as the basis for the social unrest risk index.

### Model Performance and Validation
- Forecast accuracy: correctly forecasts unrest in the following year approximately two-thirds of the time.
- Explainability: uses Shapley values to identify key drivers consistent with previous findings in the literature.

### Key Drivers Identified
- High levels of prior unrest.
- Food price inflation.
- Mobile phone penetration.

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_Source: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2021/11/05/forecasting-social-unrest-a-machine-learning-approach-504350_