{
  "title": "Pandemic, Poverty, and Inequality: Evidence from India",
  "publication": "IMF Working Papers, April 5, 2022",
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  "summary": "The paper presents estimates of poverty [extreme poverty PPP$1.9 and PPP$3.2] and consumption inequality in India for each of the years 2004-5 through the pandemic year 2020-21. These estimates include, for the first time, the effect of in-kind food subsides on poverty and inequality.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Summary",
      "content": "- Presents estimates of poverty [extreme poverty PPP$1.9 and PPP$3.2] and consumption inequality in India for each of the years 2004-5 through the pandemic year 2020-21.\n- Includes, for the first time, the effect of in-kind food subsides on poverty and inequality.\n- Highlights that extreme poverty was as low as 0.8 percent in the pre-pandemic year 2019, and food transfers were instrumental in ensuring that it remained at that low level in pandemic year 2020.\n- Reports post-food subsidy inequality at .294, now very close to its lowest level 0.284 observed in 1993/94."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Key findings and statistics",
      "content": "- Poverty measures covered: extreme poverty PPP$1.9 and PPP$3.2.\n- Time coverage: each year from 2004-5 through 2020-21.\n- Extreme poverty:\n  - 0.8 percent in 2019 (pre-pandemic).\n  - Remained at that low level in pandemic year 2020 due to food transfers.\n- Consumption inequality:\n  - Post-food subsidy inequality at .294.\n  - Historical low observed at 0.284 in 1993/94."
    },
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      "heading": "Scope and methodology notes",
      "content": "- Estimates incorporate the effect of in-kind food subsides on poverty and inequality (noted as included \"for the first time\" in these estimates).\n- Focuses on consumption inequality and consumption-based poverty measurement.\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- Working Paper\n  - Working Paper (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Working Paper (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2022/04/05/pandemic-poverty-and-inequality-evidence-from-india-516155"
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    "Authors: Surjit Bhalla, Karan Bhasin, Arvind Virmani",
    "Published: April 5, 2022",
    "Series: IMF Working Papers",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400205170.001",
    "Presents estimates of poverty [extreme poverty PPP$1.9 and PPP$3.2] and consumption inequality in India for each of the years 2004-5 through the pandemic year 2020-21.",
    "Includes, for the first time, the effect of in-kind food subsides on poverty and inequality.",
    "Highlights that extreme poverty was as low as 0.8 percent in the pre-pandemic year 2019, and food transfers were instrumental in ensuring that it remained at that low level in pandemic year 2020.",
    "Reports post-food subsidy inequality at .294, now very close to its lowest level 0.284 observed in 1993/94.",
    "Poverty measures covered: extreme poverty PPP$1.9 and PPP$3.2.",
    "Time coverage: each year from 2004-5 through 2020-21.",
    "Extreme poverty:",
    "Consumption inequality:",
    "Estimates incorporate the effect of in-kind food subsides on poverty and inequality (noted as included \"for the first time\" in these estimates).",
    "Focuses on consumption inequality and consumption-based poverty measurement.",
    "**Working Paper**"
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