{
  "title": "How Do State-Owned Enterprises Adjust During Downturns: Evidence from Iranian Manufacturing Firms",
  "publication": "IMF Working Papers, September 30, 2022",
  "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2022/09/30/how-do-state-owned-enterprises-adjust-during-downturns-evidence-from-iranian-manufacturing-524058",
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  "summary": "This paper investigates the role that state-owned enterprises (SOEs) played during periods of economic sanctions against Iran.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Summary and central findings",
      "content": "- The paper investigates the role that state-owned enterprises (SOEs) played during periods of economic sanctions against Iran.\n- Using difference-in-difference techniques and exploiting survey data on the manufacturing sector, the analysis shows that the sanctions reduced revenues, profits, and productivity of both SOEs and private firms in targeted industries, with larger impacts in SOEs.\n- In contrast to private firms, wages and employment levels increased in SOEs, suggesting that SOEs were used to protect employment during the economic crisis.\n- In terms of distributional impacts, men were the hardest hit by the sanctions in private firms but benefited the most from the increase in wages in SOEs."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Methods and data",
      "content": "- Empirical approach: difference-in-difference techniques.\n- Data: survey data on the manufacturing sector (as used in the analysis)."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Key statistics and publication metadata",
      "content": "- Authors: Ebad Ebadi, Priscilla Toffano\n- Date: September 30, 2022\n- Pages: 30\n- Volume: 2022\n- Issue: 200\n- Series: Working Paper No. 2022/200\n- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400222085.001\n- Stock No: WPIEA2022200\n- ISBN: 9798400222085\n- ISSN: 1018-5941"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Subject categories and keywords",
      "content": "- Subject: Economic sectors, Employment, Labor, Public enterprises\n- Keywords: Employment, Employment contract, employment level, Firm behaviour, firms in targeted industry, Gender inequality, Labor law., manufacturing firm, Public enterprises, Sanctions, shares of firm, State-Owned Enterprises\n\nImplied source: IMF Working Papers — Ebad Ebadi and Priscilla Toffano, \"How Do State-Owned Enterprises Adjust During Downturns: Evidence from Iranian Manufacturing Firms\", September 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400222085.001.\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- Working Paper\n  - Working Paper (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Working Paper (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2022/09/30/how-do-state-owned-enterprises-adjust-during-downturns-evidence-from-iranian-manufacturing-524058"
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    "Authors: Ebad Ebadi, Priscilla Toffano",
    "Published: September 30, 2022",
    "Series: IMF Working Papers",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400222085.001",
    "The paper investigates the role that state-owned enterprises (SOEs) played during periods of economic sanctions against Iran.",
    "Using difference-in-difference techniques and exploiting survey data on the manufacturing sector, the analysis shows that the sanctions reduced revenues, profits, and productivity of both SOEs and private firms in targeted industries, with larger impacts in SOEs.",
    "In contrast to private firms, wages and employment levels increased in SOEs, suggesting that SOEs were used to protect employment during the economic crisis.",
    "In terms of distributional impacts, men were the hardest hit by the sanctions in private firms but benefited the most from the increase in wages in SOEs.",
    "Empirical approach: difference-in-difference techniques.",
    "Data: survey data on the manufacturing sector (as used in the analysis).",
    "Authors: Ebad Ebadi, Priscilla Toffano",
    "Date: September 30, 2022",
    "Pages: 30",
    "Volume: 2022",
    "Issue: 200",
    "Series: Working Paper No. 2022/200",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400222085.001",
    "Stock No: WPIEA2022200",
    "ISBN: 9798400222085",
    "ISSN: 1018-5941",
    "Subject: Economic sectors, Employment, Labor, Public enterprises",
    "Keywords: Employment, Employment contract, employment level, Firm behaviour, firms in targeted industry, Gender inequality, Labor law., manufacturing firm, Public enterprises, Sanctions, shares of firm, State-Owned Enterprises",
    "**Working Paper**"
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