{
  "title": "Fragmentation in Global Trade: Accounting for Commodities",
  "publication": "IMF Working Papers, March 24, 2023",
  "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2023/03/24/fragmentation-in-global-trade-accounting-for-commodities-531327",
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  "summary": "We construct a new database which covers production and trade in 136 primary commodities and 24 manufacturing and service sectors for 145 countries.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Database and model",
      "content": "- New database coverage:\n  - 136 primary commodities\n  - 24 manufacturing and service sectors\n  - 145 countries\n- Modeling approach:\n  - New multi-country, multi-sector, general-equilibrium model\n  - Model accounts for unique demand and supply characteristics of commodities\n  - Used to estimate spillover effects from plausible trade fragmentation scenarios"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Key findings",
      "content": "- Fragmentation-induced output losses can be sizable.\n- Low-Income-Countries are especially affected by output losses.\n- Magnitudes of losses vary according to:\n  - Particular scenarios considered\n  - Modelling assumptions used\n- Not accounting for granular commodity production and trade linkages leads to underestimation of the output losses associated with trade fragmentation."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Themes and subject coverage",
      "content": "- Subjects:\n  - Agricultural commodities\n  - Commodities\n  - Commodity trade\n  - International trade\n  - Trade balance\n  - Trade barriers\n- Keywords:\n  - Agricultural commodities, Commodities, commodity production, Commodity trade, fragmentation, Global, international trade, output loss, sanctions, spillovers, Trade balance, Trade barriers, trade elasticity, trade fragmentation, trade linkages lead\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- Working Paper\n  - Working Paper (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Working Paper (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2023/03/24/fragmentation-in-global-trade-accounting-for-commodities-531327"
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    "Authors: Marijn A. Bolhuis, Jiaqian Chen, Benjamin R Kett",
    "Published: March 24, 2023",
    "Series: IMF Working Papers",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400236563.001",
    "New database coverage:",
    "Modeling approach:",
    "Fragmentation-induced output losses can be sizable.",
    "Low-Income-Countries are especially affected by output losses.",
    "Magnitudes of losses vary according to:",
    "Not accounting for granular commodity production and trade linkages leads to underestimation of the output losses associated with trade fragmentation.",
    "Subjects:",
    "Keywords:",
    "**Working Paper**"
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