## Fragmentation in Global Trade: Accounting for Commodities

_IMF Working Papers, March 24, 2023_

## Source details

**Canonical URL:** [Fragmentation in Global Trade: Accounting for Commodities](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2023/03/24/fragmentation-in-global-trade-accounting-for-commodities-531327)

## Other formats

- [Markdown version](/en/publications/wp/issues/2023/03/24/fragmentation-in-global-trade-accounting-for-commodities-531327/index.md)
- [Structured JSON version](/en/publications/wp/issues/2023/03/24/fragmentation-in-global-trade-accounting-for-commodities-531327/index.json)
- [Bundle manifest](/en/publications/wp/issues/2023/03/24/fragmentation-in-global-trade-accounting-for-commodities-531327/bundle-manifest.json)

## Bibliographic details
- Authors: Marijn A. Bolhuis, Jiaqian Chen, Benjamin R Kett
- Published: March 24, 2023
- Series: IMF Working Papers
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400236563.001

---

### Database and model
- New database coverage:
  - 136 primary commodities
  - 24 manufacturing and service sectors
  - 145 countries
- Modeling approach:
  - New multi-country, multi-sector, general-equilibrium model
  - Model accounts for unique demand and supply characteristics of commodities
  - Used to estimate spillover effects from plausible trade fragmentation scenarios

### Key findings
- Fragmentation-induced output losses can be sizable.
- Low-Income-Countries are especially affected by output losses.
- Magnitudes of losses vary according to:
  - Particular scenarios considered
  - Modelling assumptions used
- Not accounting for granular commodity production and trade linkages leads to underestimation of the output losses associated with trade fragmentation.

### Themes and subject coverage
- Subjects:
  - Agricultural commodities
  - Commodities
  - Commodity trade
  - International trade
  - Trade balance
  - Trade barriers
- Keywords:
  - Agricultural commodities, Commodities, commodity production, Commodity trade, fragmentation, Global, international trade, output loss, sanctions, spillovers, Trade balance, Trade barriers, trade elasticity, trade fragmentation, trade linkages lead

---

## Content in this bundle

- **Working Paper**
  - [Working Paper (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/wp/2023/english/wpiea2023073-print-pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [Working Paper (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/wp/2023/english/wpiea2023073-print-pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}

---

_Source: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2023/03/24/fragmentation-in-global-trade-accounting-for-commodities-531327_