{
  "title": "Who are Central Banks? Gender, Human Resources, and Central Banking",
  "publication": "IMF Working Papers, May 5, 2023",
  "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2023/05/05/who-are-central-banks-gender-human-resources-and-central-banking-533096",
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  "summary": "Central banks, as the epitome of the economics profession and the main paragon of public institutions, can reveal key insights into gender patterns.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Overview",
      "content": "- Study title: Who are Central Banks? Gender, Human Resources, and Central Banking\n- Authors: Mariarosaria Comunale, Petra de Bruxelles, Kalpana Kochhar, Juliette Raskauskas, Filiz D Unsal\n- Publication date: May 5, 2023\n- Scope: Novel multidimensional survey directed at eight central banks in advanced economies (G7 national central banks and the European Central Bank)\n- Purpose: Analyze women’s participation across seniority levels, employment trends, and human resources practices; construct a comprehensive index of gender equality (Human Resources Gender Index, HRGI)"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Methodology and the HRGI",
      "content": "- Survey coverage: eight central banks in advanced economies (G7 national central banks and the European Central Bank)\n- Constructed measure: Human Resources Gender Index (HRGI) — a comprehensive index summarizing multiple aspects of gender equality within central banks\n- Aspects surveyed: women’s participation by seniority level, employment trends, human resources practices, hiring, promotion, contract types, and pay"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Key findings",
      "content": "- Central banks have room for improvement in:\n  - Inclusion of women in economics professions\n  - Inclusion of women in managerial positions\n  - Provision of full time contracts to women\n- Women in central banking face a gender pay gap\n- International Financial Institutions (the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank Group, and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) perform better in terms of gender equality compared with the surveyed central banks"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Macroeconomic associations",
      "content": "- The HRGI index, hiring and promotion of women, and their contract types are associated with output and credit gaps, indicating macro-critical importance\n- Certain country characteristics are related to gender equality:\n  - Women in high-level positions\n  - Government effectiveness\n  - Corruption\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- Working Paper\n  - Working Paper (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Working Paper (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2023/05/05/who-are-central-banks-gender-human-resources-and-central-banking-533096"
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    "Authors: Mariarosaria Comunale, Petra de Bruxelles, Kalpana Kochhar, Juliette Raskauskas, Filiz D Unsal",
    "Published: May 5, 2023",
    "Series: IMF Working Papers",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400241208.001",
    "Study title: Who are Central Banks? Gender, Human Resources, and Central Banking",
    "Authors: Mariarosaria Comunale, Petra de Bruxelles, Kalpana Kochhar, Juliette Raskauskas, Filiz D Unsal",
    "Publication date: May 5, 2023",
    "Scope: Novel multidimensional survey directed at eight central banks in advanced economies (G7 national central banks and the European Central Bank)",
    "Purpose: Analyze women’s participation across seniority levels, employment trends, and human resources practices; construct a comprehensive index of gender equality (Human Resources Gender Index, HRGI)",
    "Survey coverage: eight central banks in advanced economies (G7 national central banks and the European Central Bank)",
    "Constructed measure: Human Resources Gender Index (HRGI) — a comprehensive index summarizing multiple aspects of gender equality within central banks",
    "Aspects surveyed: women’s participation by seniority level, employment trends, human resources practices, hiring, promotion, contract types, and pay",
    "Central banks have room for improvement in:",
    "Women in central banking face a gender pay gap",
    "International Financial Institutions (the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank Group, and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) perform better in terms of gender equality compared with the surveyed central banks",
    "The HRGI index, hiring and promotion of women, and their contract types are associated with output and credit gaps, indicating macro-critical importance",
    "Certain country characteristics are related to gender equality:",
    "**Working Paper**"
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