## Who are Central Banks? Gender, Human Resources, and Central Banking

_IMF Working Papers, May 5, 2023_

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## Bibliographic details
- Authors: Mariarosaria Comunale, Petra de Bruxelles, Kalpana Kochhar, Juliette Raskauskas, Filiz D Unsal
- Published: May 5, 2023
- Series: IMF Working Papers
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400241208.001

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### Overview
- Study title: Who are Central Banks? Gender, Human Resources, and Central Banking
- Authors: Mariarosaria Comunale, Petra de Bruxelles, Kalpana Kochhar, Juliette Raskauskas, Filiz D Unsal
- Publication date: May 5, 2023
- Scope: Novel multidimensional survey directed at eight central banks in advanced economies (G7 national central banks and the European Central Bank)
- Purpose: Analyze women’s participation across seniority levels, employment trends, and human resources practices; construct a comprehensive index of gender equality (Human Resources Gender Index, HRGI)

### Methodology and the HRGI
- Survey coverage: eight central banks in advanced economies (G7 national central banks and the European Central Bank)
- Constructed measure: Human Resources Gender Index (HRGI) — a comprehensive index summarizing multiple aspects of gender equality within central banks
- Aspects surveyed: women’s participation by seniority level, employment trends, human resources practices, hiring, promotion, contract types, and pay

### Key findings
- Central banks have room for improvement in:
  - Inclusion of women in economics professions
  - Inclusion of women in managerial positions
  - Provision of full time contracts to women
- Women in central banking face a gender pay gap
- International Financial Institutions (the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank Group, and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) perform better in terms of gender equality compared with the surveyed central banks

### Macroeconomic associations
- The HRGI index, hiring and promotion of women, and their contract types are associated with output and credit gaps, indicating macro-critical importance
- Certain country characteristics are related to gender equality:
  - Women in high-level positions
  - Government effectiveness
  - Corruption

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## Content in this bundle

- **Working Paper**
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_Source: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2023/05/05/who-are-central-banks-gender-human-resources-and-central-banking-533096_