{
  "title": "Retaliation through Temporary Trade Barriers",
  "publication": "IMF Working Papers, May 12, 2023",
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  "summary": "Are Temporary Trade Barriers (TTBs) introduced for strategic reasons? To answer this question, we construct a novel sectoral measure of retaliation using daily bilateral data on TTB responses in 1220 subsectors across a panel of 25 advanced and emerging market economies over 1989-2019.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Overview",
      "content": "- Title: Retaliation through Temporary Trade Barriers\n- Authors: Davide Furceri, Jonathan David Ostry, Chris Papageorgiou, Pauline Wibaux\n- Publication date: May 12, 2023\n- Publication: IMF Working Papers, Working Paper No. 2023/099, Issue: 099\n- Pages: 46"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Data and empirical approach",
      "content": "- Novel sectoral measure of retaliation constructed using daily bilateral data on TTB responses.\n- Coverage: 1220 subsectors across a panel of 25 advanced and emerging market economies.\n- Sample period: 1989-2019.\n- Empirical focus includes stylized facts and econometric analysis emphasizing within-year responses."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Key findings",
      "content": "- Within-year responses are more important in terms of intensity and frequency than commonly understood from the existing literature, which has tended to ignore them.\n- Retaliation often consists of responses across many sectors rather than being limited to a single sector.\n- Same-sector retaliation is far from being the norm.\n- Larger countries tend to retaliate more.\n- Retaliation is larger during periods of higher unemployment.\n- Retaliation is larger when the trading partner targeted a domestic comparative advantage sector."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Subject areas and keywords",
      "content": "- Subject: Exports, Imports, International trade, Tariffs, Taxes, Trade barriers, Trade policy\n- Keywords: Antidumping, comparative advantage sector, Exports, Global, IMF working paper 23/99, Imports, Protectionism, sector retaliation, Tariffs, Temporary Trade Barriers, Trade barriers, trade barriers data, Trade policy, Trade retaliation"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Publication identifiers",
      "content": "- Series: Working Paper No. 2023/099\n- Stock No: WPIEA2023099\n- ISBN: 9798400241109\n- ISSN: 1018-5941\n\nRetaliation through Temporary Trade Barriers — Davide Furceri; Jonathan David Ostry; Chris Papageorgiou; Pauline Wibaux; May 12, 2023; IMF Working Papers No. 2023/099\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- Working Paper\n  - Working Paper (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Working Paper (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2023/05/12/retaliation-through-temporary-trade-barriers-533312"
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    "Authors: Davide Furceri, Jonathan David Ostry, Chris Papageorgiou, Pauline Wibaux",
    "Published: May 12, 2023",
    "Series: IMF Working Papers",
    "Title: Retaliation through Temporary Trade Barriers",
    "Authors: Davide Furceri, Jonathan David Ostry, Chris Papageorgiou, Pauline Wibaux",
    "Publication date: May 12, 2023",
    "Publication: IMF Working Papers, Working Paper No. 2023/099, Issue: 099",
    "Pages: 46",
    "Novel sectoral measure of retaliation constructed using daily bilateral data on TTB responses.",
    "Coverage: 1220 subsectors across a panel of 25 advanced and emerging market economies.",
    "Sample period: 1989-2019.",
    "Empirical focus includes stylized facts and econometric analysis emphasizing within-year responses.",
    "Within-year responses are more important in terms of intensity and frequency than commonly understood from the existing literature, which has tended to ignore them.",
    "Retaliation often consists of responses across many sectors rather than being limited to a single sector.",
    "Same-sector retaliation is far from being the norm.",
    "Larger countries tend to retaliate more.",
    "Retaliation is larger during periods of higher unemployment.",
    "Retaliation is larger when the trading partner targeted a domestic comparative advantage sector.",
    "Subject: Exports, Imports, International trade, Tariffs, Taxes, Trade barriers, Trade policy",
    "Keywords: Antidumping, comparative advantage sector, Exports, Global, IMF working paper 23/99, Imports, Protectionism, sector retaliation, Tariffs, Temporary Trade Barriers, Trade barriers, trade barriers data, Trade policy, Trade retaliation",
    "Series: Working Paper No. 2023/099",
    "Stock No: WPIEA2023099",
    "ISBN: 9798400241109",
    "ISSN: 1018-5941",
    "**Working Paper**"
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