{ "title": "How Far Has Globalization Gone? A Tale of Two Regions", "publication": "IMF Working Papers, December 8, 2023", "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2023/12/08/how-far-has-globalization-gone-a-tale-of-two-regions-542218", "canonical": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2023/12/08/how-far-has-globalization-gone-a-tale-of-two-regions-542218", "overlayPath": "/en/publications/wp/issues/2023/12/08/how-far-has-globalization-gone-a-tale-of-two-regions-542218/index.md", "summary": "We study the evolution of trade globalization in a set of countries in Latin America (mostly the largest ones) and Asia over the past 25 years.", "sections": [ { "heading": "Authors and publication", "content": "- By Rodolfo Campos, Samuel Pienknagura, Jacopo Timini\n- December 8, 2023\n- IMF Working Paper No. 2023/255\n- Pages: 32\n- Volume: 2023\n- Issue: 255\n- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400261190.001\n- Stock No: WPIEA2023255\n- ISBN: 9798400261190\n- ISSN: 1018-5941" }, { "heading": "Research question and approach", "content": "- Study focus:\n - Evolution of trade globalization in a set of countries in Latin America (mostly the largest ones) and Asia over the past 25 years.\n- Methodology:\n - Rely on structural gravity models.\n - Estimate a proxy of trade globalization that captures the ease of trading internationally with respect to trading domestically.\n - Quantify economic implications using simulations of a multi-sector trade model." }, { "heading": "Key empirical findings", "content": "- Regional comparison:\n - The evolution of trade globalization since the mid-1990s has been similar between Latin America and Asia, but very heterogeneous within each region.\n- Sectoral patterns:\n - Trade globalization has been particularly strong in agriculture, mining and manufacturing.\n - Trade globalization has lagged in services.\n- Within-region heterogeneity:\n - Heterogeneity within regions is associated with trade policy instruments, including tariffs, non-tariff measures, WTO membership, and trade agreements.\n- Model simulation outcomes:\n - Simulations point to heterogeneous long-term impacts of globalization on GDP—some countries exhibiting substantial gains and others experiencing large losses.\n - No single sector plays a preponderant role in driving these heterogeneous GDP outcomes." }, { "heading": "Subject areas and keywords", "content": "- Subject: Agricultural sector, Economic sectors, Globalization, International trade, Manufacturing, Tariffs, Taxes, Trade policy\n- Keywords: Agricultural sector, Asia, Asia and Pacific, Caribbean, Global, Globalization, globalization process, globalization trend, IMF working paper 23/255, Latin America, Manufacturing, model point, Structural gravity, Tariffs, Trade, trade globalization, Trade policy" }, { "heading": "Availability and formats", "content": "- Formats: PDF and other formats available via IMF eLibrary.\n- Options noted on page: Download PDF; More Formats on IMF eLibrary; Order a Print Copy; Create Citation.\n\nSource: IMF Working Papers — \"How Far Has Globalization Gone? A Tale of Two Regions\", Rodolfo Campos, Samuel Pienknagura, Jacopo Timini, December 8, 2023.\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- Working Paper\n - Working Paper (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n - Working Paper (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2023/12/08/how-far-has-globalization-gone-a-tale-of-two-regions-542218" } ], "bullets": [ "[Markdown version](/en/publications/wp/issues/2023/12/08/how-far-has-globalization-gone-a-tale-of-two-regions-542218/index.md)", "[Structured JSON version](/en/publications/wp/issues/2023/12/08/how-far-has-globalization-gone-a-tale-of-two-regions-542218/index.json)", "[Bundle manifest](/en/publications/wp/issues/2023/12/08/how-far-has-globalization-gone-a-tale-of-two-regions-542218/bundle-manifest.json)", "Authors: Rodolfo Campos, Samuel Pienknagura, Jacopo Timini", "Published: December 8, 2023", "Series: IMF Working Papers", "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400261190.001", "By Rodolfo Campos, Samuel Pienknagura, Jacopo Timini", "December 8, 2023", "IMF Working Paper No. 2023/255", "Pages: 32", "Volume: 2023", "Issue: 255", "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400261190.001", "Stock No: WPIEA2023255", "ISBN: 9798400261190", "ISSN: 1018-5941", "Study focus:", "Methodology:", "Regional comparison:", "Sectoral patterns:", "Within-region heterogeneity:", "Model simulation outcomes:", "Subject: Agricultural sector, Economic sectors, Globalization, International trade, Manufacturing, Tariffs, Taxes, Trade policy", "Keywords: Agricultural sector, Asia, Asia and Pacific, Caribbean, Global, Globalization, globalization process, globalization trend, IMF working paper 23/255, Latin America, Manufacturing, model point, Structural gravity, Tariffs, Trade, trade globalization, Trade policy", "Formats: PDF and other formats available via IMF eLibrary.", "Options noted on page: Download PDF; More Formats on IMF eLibrary; Order a Print Copy; Create Citation.", "**Working Paper**" ], "related": [ { "title": "Working Paper", "role": "paper", "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/wp/2023/english/wpiea2023255-print-pdf.pdf", "summary": { "path": "/-/media/files/publications/wp/2023/english/wpiea2023255-print-pdf.pdf.md", "mime": "text/markdown" }, "binary": { "path": "/-/media/files/publications/wp/2023/english/wpiea2023255-print-pdf.pdf", "mime": "application/pdf" } } ], "alternates": { "markdown": "/en/publications/wp/issues/2023/12/08/how-far-has-globalization-gone-a-tale-of-two-regions-542218/index.md", "json": "/en/publications/wp/issues/2023/12/08/how-far-has-globalization-gone-a-tale-of-two-regions-542218/index.json", "bundleManifest": "/en/publications/wp/issues/2023/12/08/how-far-has-globalization-gone-a-tale-of-two-regions-542218/bundle-manifest.json" }, "generatedAtUtc": "2026-09-16T23:23:22.564Z" }