{
  "title": "Industrial Policy Since the Great Financial Crisis",
  "publication": "IMF Working Papers, October 31, 2025",
  "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2025/10/31/industrial-policy-since-the-great-financial-crisis-570816",
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  "summary": "This paper extends the New Industrial Policy Observatory (NIPO) dataset from 2009 to 2023 by employing large language model techniques to identify policy motivations.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Dataset extension and methodology",
      "content": "- Extends the New Industrial Policy Observatory (NIPO) dataset from 2009 to 2023.\n- Employs large language model techniques to identify policy motivations.\n- Publication details: Working Paper No. 2025/222, Volume: 2025, Issue: 222, Pages: 35, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9798229027786.001, ISBN: 9798229027786, ISSN: 1018-5941.\n- Authors: Simon Evenett, Adam Jakubik, Jaden Kim, Fernando Martín, Samuel Pienknagura, Michele Ruta, Sandra Baquie, Yueling Huang, Rafael Machado Parente.\n- Date: October 31, 2025."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Scope of industrial policy adoption and instruments",
      "content": "- Documents widespread industrial policy adoption across advanced and emerging market economies since the Great Financial Crisis.\n- Primary instruments used:\n  - Subsidies.\n  - Trade restrictions."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Structural break around 2020 and emergence of “new industrial policies”",
      "content": "- Identifies a structural break around 2020 characterized by:\n  - Accelerated policy activity after 2020.\n  - Emergence of “new industrial policies” motivated by:\n    - Supply chain resilience.\n    - National security.\n    - Geopolitical concerns.\n  - Continued prevalence of policies focused on:\n    - Competitiveness.\n    - Climate objectives (already prevalent in previous years)."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Targeted sectors, technologies, and inputs",
      "content": "- Policies have targeted:\n  - Dual-use sectors.\n  - Various advanced technology sectors.\n  - Upstream inputs, including critical raw materials and minerals."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Drivers and shifts in motivations after 2020",
      "content": "- Finds that geopolitical risk and tit-for-tat retaliation have played a greater role in driving industrial policy after 2020.\n- Notes that support extends beyond existing sectors of comparative advantage."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Subject coverage and keywords (as stated)",
      "content": "- Subjects: Comparative advantage, Exports, Imports, International trade, Trade policy.\n- Keywords: Asia and Pacific, Comparative advantage, Data, Exports, Global, IMF department, IMF working papers, Imports, Industrial Policy, Policy instrument, policy intervention, Policy motive, Trade Policy.\n\nSource: Simon Evenett et al., \"Industrial Policy Since the Great Financial Crisis\", IMF Working Papers 2025, 222 (2025), October 31, 2025.\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- Working Paper\n  - Working Paper (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Working Paper (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2025/10/31/industrial-policy-since-the-great-financial-crisis-570816"
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    "Authors: Simon Evenett, Adam Jakubik, Jaden Kim, Fernando Martín, Samuel Pienknagura, Michele Ruta, Sandra Baquie, Yueling Huang, Rafael Machado Parente",
    "Published: October 31, 2025",
    "Series: IMF Working Papers",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9798229027786.001",
    "Extends the New Industrial Policy Observatory (NIPO) dataset from 2009 to 2023.",
    "Employs large language model techniques to identify policy motivations.",
    "Publication details: Working Paper No. 2025/222, Volume: 2025, Issue: 222, Pages: 35, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9798229027786.001, ISBN: 9798229027786, ISSN: 1018-5941.",
    "Authors: Simon Evenett, Adam Jakubik, Jaden Kim, Fernando Martín, Samuel Pienknagura, Michele Ruta, Sandra Baquie, Yueling Huang, Rafael Machado Parente.",
    "Date: October 31, 2025.",
    "Documents widespread industrial policy adoption across advanced and emerging market economies since the Great Financial Crisis.",
    "Primary instruments used:",
    "Identifies a structural break around 2020 characterized by:",
    "Policies have targeted:",
    "Finds that geopolitical risk and tit-for-tat retaliation have played a greater role in driving industrial policy after 2020.",
    "Notes that support extends beyond existing sectors of comparative advantage.",
    "Subjects: Comparative advantage, Exports, Imports, International trade, Trade policy.",
    "Keywords: Asia and Pacific, Comparative advantage, Data, Exports, Global, IMF department, IMF working papers, Imports, Industrial Policy, Policy instrument, policy intervention, Policy motive, Trade Policy.",
    "**Working Paper**"
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