## Climate Policy Assessment Tool (CPAT)

## Source details

**Canonical URL:** [Climate Policy Assessment Tool (CPAT)](https://www.imf.org/en/topics/climate-change/cpat)

## Other formats

- [Markdown version](/en/topics/climate-change/cpat/index.md)
- [Structured JSON version](/en/topics/climate-change/cpat/index.json)
- [Bundle manifest](/en/topics/climate-change/cpat/bundle-manifest.json)

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### Access and Core Team
- Government representatives can request the tool by reaching out through their country’s respective Executive Director (ED) office.
- CPAT has been developed by IMF and WB staff with contributions from a large range of individuals.
- Core staff: Simon Black, Ian Parry, Nate Vernon, Karlygash Zhunussova, Lukas Adamski, Daniel Bastidas, Cristian Chagalj, Jing Han, Alberto Garcia Huitron, Mariza Montes de Oca Leon, Danielle Minnett, Alpa Shah, Sunalika Singh.
- World Bank Group team contributed to the World Bank side of CPAT, providing additional technical guidance and examples of use.

### Purpose, Scope, and Outputs
- The IMF-World Bank Climate Policy Assessment Tool (CPAT) is a spreadsheet-based model which helps policymakers to assess, design, and implement climate mitigation policies.
- CPAT allows for the rapid estimation of effects of climate mitigation policies for over 180 countries.
- Outputs and impacts estimated include:
  - energy demand and prices
  - emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHGs)
  - fiscal revenues
  - GDP and welfare
  - distributional impacts on households and industries
  - development co-benefits such as welfare benefits from reductions in local air pollution and road accidents
- CPAT provides consistent cross-country estimates of projections of emissions, fuel use by major energy sector, mitigation effort, and efficient fuel prices.

### Policies Covered
- Carbon pricing: carbon taxes and ETSs
- Fossil fuel subsidy reform
- Energy price liberalization
- Electricity and fuel taxes
- Methane fees
- VAT harmonization
- Energy efficiency and emission rate regulations
- Feebates
- Renewable subsidies and feed-in tariffs
- Green public investments
- Combinations of the above policies
- Policies are evaluated against a range of metrics to assess tradeoffs and tailor reforms to country contexts.

### Methodology, Design, and Features
- The tool is transparent and user-friendly, requiring little prior knowledge and no external data to run.
- CPAT is parameterized to be broadly consistent with a wide range of ex ante models as well as the ex post empirical literature.
- CPAT evolved from an earlier IMF tool and has been significantly upgraded to include more policies, sectors, fuels, and impacts.
- For details on methodology, key inputs, assumptions, outputs, and caveats, a methodological Working Paper is available.

### Uses and Applications
- IMF staff have used CPAT extensively in IMF flagship reports and country-level analyses, including:
  - Fiscal Monitor
  - World Economic Outlook
  - Selected Issues Papers informing Article IV surveillance
  - Technical assistance reports
  - Regional analyses
  - Thematic papers
- Examples of country and regional analyses using CPAT include:
  - Climate Adaptation and Energy Reform: Strengthening Botswana’s Macroeconomic Resilience
  - Emerging Climate and Energy Transition Issues: Kingdom of the Netherlands - The Netherlands
  - Macroeconomic Implications of Climate Challenges: Nigeria
  - Deep Dive on the Climate Transition for France: Macroeconomic Implications, Fiscal Policies, and Financial Risks
  - People’s Republic of China: Selected Issues
  - Chile: Technical Assistance Report-An Evaluation of Improved Tax Options
  - Republic of Madagascar: Technical Assistance Report-Climate Macroeconomic Assessment Program
  - Scaling up Climate Mitigation Policy in Germany
  - A Comprehensive Climate Mitigation Strategy for Mexico
  - A Low-Carbon Future for the Middle East and Central Asia: What are the Options?
  - Regional Economic Outlook for Latin America and the Caribbean, October 2021
  - Surging Energy Prices in Europe in the Aftermath of the War: How to Support the Vulnerable and Speed up the Transition Away from Fossil Fuels
- Examples of global and thematic analyses using CPAT include:
  - Underpriced and Overused: Fossil Fuel Subsidies Data 2025 Update
  - Cutting Emissions, Securing Energy: Macroeconomic Assessment for COP30
  - Fiscal Implications of Global Decarbonization
  - A Framework for Comparing Climate Mitigation Policies Across Countries
  - Getting on Track to Net Zero: Accelerating a Global Just Transition in This Decade
  - Proposal for an International Carbon Price Floor Among Large Emitters
  - How to Cut Methane Emissions
  - Carbon Taxes or Emissions Trading Systems?: Instrument Choice and Design
  - Climate Crossroads: Fiscal Policies in a Warming World
  - Fiscal Policy from Pandemic to War
  - How to Mitigate Climate Change

---

## Content in this bundle

- **Chapter 2. Coordinating Taxation Across Borders. IMF Fiscal Monitor, April 2022**
  - [Chapter 2. Coordinating Taxation Across Borders. IMF Fiscal Monitor, April 2022 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/fiscal-monitor/2022/april/english/ch2.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [Chapter 2. Coordinating Taxation Across Borders. IMF Fiscal Monitor, April 2022 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/fiscal-monitor/2022/april/english/ch2.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}

---

## References

- [please see the methodological Working Paper here.](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2023/06/22/The-IMF-World-Bank-Climate-Policy-Assessment-Tool-CPAT-A-Model-to-Help-Countries-Mitigate-535096)
- [Fiscal Monitor](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/fm)
- [World Economic Outlook)](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo)
- [SIP-1](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/selected-issues-papers/issues/2025/12/30/climate-adaptation-and-energy-reform-strengthening-botswanas-macroeconomic-resilience-572963)
- [SIP-2](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/selected-issues-papers/issues/2023/03/15/assessing-recent-climate-policy-initiatives-in-the-netherlands-netherlands-530854)
- [SIP-4](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/selected-issues-papers/issues/2024/08/01/deep-dive-on-the-climate-transition-for-france-macroeconomic-implications-fiscal-policies-552856)
- [CR-1](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/cr/issues/2024/08/29/peoples-republic-of-china-selected-issues-554232)
- [Chile: Technical Assistance Report—An Evaluation of Improved Tax Options](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2023/01/19/Chile-Technical-Assistance-Report-An-Evaluation-of-Improved-Tax-Options-528348)
- [Republic of Madagascar: Technical Assistance Report—Climate Macroeconomic Assessment Program](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2022/11/14/Republic-of-Madagascar-Technical-Assistance-Report-Climate-Macroeconomic-Assessment-Program-525665)
- [Scaling up Climate Mitigation Policy in Germany](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2021/09/27/Scaling-up-Climate-Mitigation-Policy-in-Germany-465421)
- [A Comprehensive Climate Mitigation Strategy for Mexico](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2021/10/18/A-Comprehensive-Climate-Mitigation-Strategy-for-Mexico-494708)
- [A Low-Carbon Future for the Middle East and Central Asia: What are the Options?](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Departmental-Papers-Policy-Papers/Issues/2022/10/28/A-Low-Carbon-Future-for-the-Middle-East-and-Central-Asia-What-are-the-Options-523812)
- [Regional Economic Outlook, October 2021: Western Hemisphere](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/REO/WH/Issues/2021/10/21/Regional-Economic-Outlook-October-2021-Western-Hemisphere)
- [Surging Energy Prices in Europe in the Aftermath of the War: How to Support the Vulnerable](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2022/07/28/Surging-Energy-Prices-in-Europe-in-the-Aftermath-of-the-War-How-to-Support-the-Vulnerable-521457)
- [WP-1](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2025/12/20/underpriced-and-overused-fossil-fuel-subsidies-data-2025-update-572729)
- [WP-3](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2024/03/01/fiscal-implications-of-global-decarbonization-545459)
- [A Framework for Comparing Climate Mitigation Policies Across Countries](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2022/12/16/A-Framework-for-Comparing-Climate-Mitigation-Policies-Across-Countries-527049)
- [Getting on Track to Net Zero](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/staff-climate-notes/Issues/2022/10/31/Getting-on-Track-to-Net-Zero-Accelerating-a-Global-Just-Transition-in-This-Decade-525242)
- [Proposal for an International Carbon Price Floor Among Large Emitters](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/staff-climate-notes/Issues/2021/06/15/Proposal-for-an-International-Carbon-Price-Floor-Among-Large-Emitters-460468)
- [How to Cut Methane Emissions](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/staff-climate-notes/Issues/2022/10/28/How-to-Cut-Methane-Emissions-525188)
- [Carbon Taxes or Emissions Trading Systems](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/staff-climate-notes/Issues/2022/07/14/Carbon-Taxes-or-Emissions-Trading-Systems-Instrument-Choice-and-Design-519101)
- [Fiscal Monitor, October 2023](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/fm/issues/2023/10/10/fiscal-monitor-october-2023)
- [Fiscal Monitor, October 2019](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/FM/Issues/2019/09/12/fiscal-monitor-october-2019)

_Source: https://www.imf.org/en/topics/climate-change/cpat_