## PUBLICATIONS

## Source details

**Canonical URL:** [PUBLICATIONS](https://www.imf.org/en/topics/fiscal-policies/fiscal-risks/fiscal-risks-knowledge-hub/fiscal-risks-knowledge-hub-publications)

## Other formats

- [Markdown version](/en/topics/fiscal-policies/fiscal-risks/fiscal-risks-knowledge-hub/fiscal-risks-knowledge-hub-publications/index.md)
- [Structured JSON version](/en/topics/fiscal-policies/fiscal-risks/fiscal-risks-knowledge-hub/fiscal-risks-knowledge-hub-publications/index.json)
- [Bundle manifest](/en/topics/fiscal-policies/fiscal-risks/fiscal-risks-knowledge-hub/fiscal-risks-knowledge-hub-publications/bundle-manifest.json)

---

### Overview
- Knowledge Hub: Learn about fiscal transparency.
- Recent and thematic publications focus on managing fiscal risks, guidance notes, policy and analytical papers, and published country technical reports.

### Recent Thematic Publications
- Managing Fiscal Risks in the Middle East and North Africa (June 2023)
- Quasi-Fiscal Implications of Central Bank Crisis Interventions
- Armenia: Technical Assistance Report-Quantifying Fiscal Risks from Climate Change (October 2022)
- The State as Financier of Last Resort
- How to Manage Fiscal Risks from Subnational Governments (September 2022)

### Guidance Notes
- The State as Financier of Last Resort (October 2022)
- How to Manage Fiscal Risks from Subnational Governments (September 2022)
- How to Assess Fiscal Risks from State-Owned Enterprises: Benchmarking and Stress Testing (August 2021)
- Managing Fiscal Risks Under Fiscal Stress (2020)
- COVID-19: How to Record Government Policy Interventions in Fiscal Statistics (2020)
- Fiscal Transparency Code (2019)
- Fiscal Transparency Handbook (April 2018)
- How to Manage the Fiscal Costs of Natural Disasters (June 2018)
- How to Control the Fiscal Costs of Public-Private Partnerships (October 2018)
- How to Strengthen the Management of Government Guarantees (October 2018)

### Policy and Analytical Papers
- Quasi-Fiscal Implications of Central Bank Crisis Interventions (June 2023)
- The Nexus Between Public Enterprise Governance, Financial Performance, and Macroeconomic Vulnerabilities: An Application to Moldova (March 2022)
- Strengthening the Credibility of Public Finances (October 2021)
- State-Owned Enterprises in Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia: Size, Costs, and Challenges (September 2021)
- Mastering the Risky Business of Public-Private Partnerships in Infrastructure (May 2021)
- Managing Fiscal Risks from State-Owned Enterprises (September 2020)
- Government Support to State-Owned Enterprises: Options for Sub-Saharan Africa (June 2020)
- State-Owned Enterprises: the Other Government (April 2020)
- Managing Public Wealth (October 2018)
- State-Owned Enterprises in Emerging Europe: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly (October 2017)
- Analyzing and Managing Fiscal Risks Best Practices (May 2016)
- The Fiscal Cost of Contingent Liabilities: A New Dataset (February 2016)
- Fiscal Transparency Accountability and Risk (August 2012)
- A Toolkit for Assessing Fiscal Vulnerabilities and Risks in Advanced Economies (January 2012)
- Disclosing Fiscal Risks in the Post-Crisis World (July 2009)

### Published Country Technical Reports
- Armenia: Technical Assistance Report-Quantifying Fiscal Risks from Climate Change (October 2022)
- Georgia: Technical Assistance Report-Updating the Balance Sheet and Quantifying Fiscal Risks From Climate Change (May 2022)
- Georgia: Technical Assistance Report-Public Sector Balance Sheet and State Owned Enterprises (July 2020)
- India: Technical Assistance Report-State of Tamil Nadu-Modernizing Budget Formulation and Managing Fiscal Risks (June 2020)
- Ghana's Public Sector Balance Sheet (December 2019)
- Ukraine: State-Owned Enterprises: Fiscal Risk Management (December 2019)
- Ukraine: Technical Assistance Report-Strengthening Public Financial Management (December 2019)
- Ukraine: Medium-Term Budget Framework and Fiscal Risk Statement (November 2019)
- Japan's Public Sector Balance Sheet (October 2019)
- Bosnia and Herzegovina: State-Owned Enterprises: Assessing Performance and Oversight (September 2019)
- United States' Public Wealth (July 2019)
- Indonesia's Public Wealth: A Balance Sheet Approach to Fiscal Policy Analysis (April 2019)
- Namibia: Technical Assistance Report-Assessing and Managing Fiscal Risks from State-Entities and Public-Private Partnerships (August 2018)
- Côte d'Ivoire: Technical Assistance Report-Modernizing the Analysis, Monitoring, and Disclosure of Fiscal Risks (April 2018)
- The Gambia Fiscal Stress Test (April 2018)
- Finland's Public Sector Balance Sheet (April 2018)

---

## Content in this bundle

- **COVID-19: How to Record Government Policy Interventions in Fiscal Statistics**
  - [COVID-19: How to Record Government Policy Interventions in Fiscal Statistics (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/covid19-special-notes/en-special-series-on-covid-19-how-to-record-government-policy-interventions-in-fiscal-statistics.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [COVID-19: How to Record Government Policy Interventions in Fiscal Statistics (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/covid19-special-notes/en-special-series-on-covid-19-how-to-record-government-policy-interventions-in-fiscal-statistics.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Government Support to State-Owned Enterprises: Options for Sub-Saharan Africa**
  - [Government Support to State-Owned Enterprises: Options for Sub-Saharan Africa (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/covid19-special-notes/enspecial-series-on-covid19government-support-to-stateowned-enterprises-options-for-subsaharan-afric.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [Government Support to State-Owned Enterprises: Options for Sub-Saharan Africa (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/covid19-special-notes/enspecial-series-on-covid19government-support-to-stateowned-enterprises-options-for-subsaharan-afric.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Managing Fiscal Risks Under Fiscal Stress**
  - [Managing Fiscal Risks Under Fiscal Stress (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/covid19-special-notes/special-series-on-covid-19-managing-fiscal-risks-under-fiscal-stress.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [Managing Fiscal Risks Under Fiscal Stress (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/covid19-special-notes/special-series-on-covid-19-managing-fiscal-risks-under-fiscal-stress.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Cr18258**
  - [Cr18258 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/cr/2018/cr18258.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [Cr18258 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/cr/2018/cr18258.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Managing Public Wealth**
  - [Managing Public Wealth (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/fiscal-monitor/2018/october/pdf/fm1802.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [Managing Public Wealth (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/fiscal-monitor/2018/october/pdf/fm1802.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Japan's Public Sector Balance Sheet**
  - [Japan's Public Sector Balance Sheet (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/wp/2019/wpiea2019212-print-pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [Japan's Public Sector Balance Sheet (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/wp/2019/wpiea2019212-print-pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- [Fiscal Transparency Code (PDF)](/external/np/fad/trans/code2019.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- [Analyzing and Managing Fiscal Risks Best Practices (PDF)](/external/np/pp/eng/2016/050416.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}

---

## References

- [LEARN ABOUT FISCAL TRANSPARENCY](https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/fiscal-policies/fiscal-transparency)
- [image](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Departmental-Papers-Policy-Papers/Issues/2023/06/08/Managing-Fiscal-Risks-in-the-Middle-East-and-North-Africa-529220)
- [image](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2023/06/02/Quasi-Fiscal-Implications-of-Central-Bank-Crisis-Interventions-534076)
- [image](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2022/10/25/Armenia-Technical-Assistance-Report-Quantifying-Fiscal-Risks-from-Climate-Change-525059)
- [image](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Staff-Discussion-Notes/Issues/2022/10/11/The-State-as-Financier-of-Last-Resort-523706)
- [image](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Fiscal-Affairs-Department-How-To-Notes/Issues/2022/09/01/How-to-Manage-Fiscal-Risks-from-Subnational-Governments-522609)
- [How to Assess Fiscal Risks from State-Owned Enterprises: Benchmarking and Stress Testing (August 2021)](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Fiscal-Affairs-Department-How-To-Notes/Issues/2021/08/18/How-to-Assess-Fiscal-Risks-from-State-Owned-Enterprises-463616)
- [How to Manage the Fiscal Costs of Natural Disasters (June 2018)](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Fiscal-Affairs-Department-How-To-Notes/Issues/2018/06/11/How-to-Manage-the-Fiscal-Costs-of-Natural-Disasters-45941)
- [How to Control the Fiscal Costs of Public-Private Partnerships (October 2018)](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Fiscal-Affairs-Department-How-To-Notes/Issues/2018/10/17/How-to-Control-the-Fiscal-Costs-of-Public-Private-Partnerships-46294)
- [How to Strengthen the Management of Government Guarantees (October 2018)](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Fiscal-Affairs-Department-How-To-Notes/Issues/2017/10/19/How-to-Strengthen-the-Management-of-Government-Guarantees-45201)
- [The Nexus Between Public Enterprise Governance, Financial Performance, and Macroeconomic Vulnerabilities: An Application to Moldova (March 2022)](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2022/03/04/The-Nexus-Between-Public-Enterprise-Governance-Financial-Performance-and-Macroeconomic-513885)
- [Strengthening the Credibility of Public Finances (October 2021)](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/FM/Issues/2021/10/13/fiscal-monitor-october-2021)
- [State-Owned Enterprises in Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia: Size, Costs, and Challenges (September 2021)](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Departmental-Papers-Policy-Papers/Issues/2021/09/17/State-Owned-Enterprises-in-Middle-East-North-Africa-and-Central-Asia-Size-Costs-and-464657)
- [Mastering the Risky Business of Public-Private Partnerships in Infrastructure (May 2021)](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Departmental-Papers-Policy-Papers/Issues/2021/05/10/Mastering-the-Risky-Business-of-Public-Private-Partnerships-in-Infrastructure-50335)
- [Managing Fiscal Risks from State-Owned Enterprises (September 2020)](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2020/09/25/Managing-Fiscal-Risks-from-State-Owned-Enterprises-49773)
- [State-Owned Enterprises in Emerging Europe: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly (October 2017)](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2017/10/30/State-Owned-Enterprises-in-Emerging-Europe-The-Good-the-Bad-and-the-Ugly-45181)
- [The Fiscal Cost of Contingent Liabilities: A New Dataset (February 2016)](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/31/The-Fiscal-Costs-of-Contingent-Liabilities-A-New-Dataset-43685)
- [Fiscal Transparency Accountability and Risk (August 2012)](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Policy-Papers/Issues/2016/12/31/Fiscal-Transparency-Accountability-and-Risk-PP4709)
- [A Toolkit for Assessing Fiscal Vulnerabilities and Risks in Advanced Economies (January 2012)](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/31/A-toolkit-for-Assessing-Fiscal-Vulnerabilities-and-Risks-in-Advanced-Economies-25619)
- [Disclosing Fiscal Risks in the Post-Crisis World (July 2009)](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/IMF-Staff-Position-Notes/Issues/2016/12/31/Disclosing-Fiscal-Risks-in-the-Post-Crisis-World-23103)
- [Georgia: Technical Assistance Report-Updating the Balance Sheet and Quantifying Fiscal Risks From Climate Change (May 2022)](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2022/05/27/Georgia-Technical-Assistance-Report-Updating-the-Balance-Sheet-and-Quantifying-Fiscal-Risks-518383)
- [Georgia: Technical Assistance Report-Public Sector Balance Sheet and State Owned Enterprises (July 2020)](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2020/07/22/Georgia-Technical-Assistance-Report-Public-Sector-Balance-Sheet-and-State-Owned-Enterprises-49604)
- [India: Technical Assistance Report-State of Tamil Nadu-Modernizing Budget Formulation and Managing Fiscal Risks (June 2020)](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2020/06/25/India-Technical-Assistance-Report-State-of-Tamil-Nadu-Modernizing-Budget-Formulation-and-49533)
- [Ukraine: State-Owned Enterprises: Fiscal Risk Management (December 2019)](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2019/12/06/Ukraine-Technical-Assistance-Report-State-Owned-EnterprisesFiscal-Risk-Management-48856)
- [Ukraine: Technical Assistance Report-Strengthening Public Financial Management (December 2019)](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2019/12/04/Ukraine-Technical-Assistance-Report-Strengthening-Public-Financial-Management-48846)
- [Ukraine: Medium-Term Budget Framework and Fiscal Risk Statement (November 2019)](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2019/11/15/Ukraine-Technical-Assistance-Report-Medium-Term-Budget-Framework-and-Fiscal-Risk-Statement-48812)
- [Bosnia and Herzegovina: State-Owned Enterprises: Assessing Performance and Oversight (September 2019)](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2019/09/20/State-Owned-Enterprises-in-Bosnia-and-Herzegovina-Assessing-Performance-and-Oversight-48621)
- [United States' Public Wealth (July 2019)](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2019/07/02/Public-Wealth-in-the-United-States-46834)
- [Indonesia's Public Wealth: A Balance Sheet Approach to Fiscal Policy Analysis (April 2019)](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2019/04/24/Indonesia-s-Public-Wealth-A-Balance-Sheet-Approach-to-Fiscal-Policy-Analysis-46687)
- [Côte d'Ivoire: Technical Assistance Report-Modernizing the Analysis, Monitoring, and Disclosure of Fiscal Risks (April 2018)](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2018/04/18/Cote-d-Ivoire-Technical-Assistance-Report-Modernizing-the-Analysis-Monitoring-and-Disclosure-45775)

_Source: https://www.imf.org/en/topics/fiscal-policies/fiscal-risks/fiscal-risks-knowledge-hub/fiscal-risks-knowledge-hub-publications_