Albania: Income Distribution, Poverty, and Social Safety Nets in the Transition, 1991-1993
IMF Working Papers, October 1, 1994
Source details
- Canonical URL
- Albania: Income Distribution, Poverty, and Social Safety Nets in the Transition, 1991-1993
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Bibliographic details
- Published: October 1, 1994
- Series: IMF Working Papers
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451854541.001
Executive summary and research focus
- Examines developments in Albania’s income distribution and poverty during the transition to a market-oriented economy.
- Pays particular attention to:
- the impact of price liberalization on the agricultural terms of trade and production,
- the decline in state enterprise employment,
- emigrant remittances,
- social safety nets (formal and informal).
Key empirical findings
- Income and consumption data produce conflicting results.
- Based on income data (including average presumptive agricultural incomes and state sector wages):
- there is a significant rise in real income in rural areas,
- there is a decline in real income in urban areas.
- Based on food consumption data:
- a large decline in urban real incomes is implausible.
- Poverty in both the urban and the rural population was mitigated by:
- the presence of formal social safety nets,
- informal arrangements in the form of emigrant remittances.
Thematic coverage and subject areas
- Balance of payments
- Consumption
- Expenditure
- Income
- National accounts
- Remittances
- Social assistance spending
- Unemployment benefits
- Wages
Keywords and analytic lenses
- cash income
- Consumption
- distribution data
- Income
- income data
- income development
- private sector
- Remittances
- Social assistance spending
- state enterprise
- subsistence income
- Unemployment benefits
- unemployment insurance
- wage distribution
- WP