Europe
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Contents
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Financial Market Reforms Could Lift Europe's Growth
- Published: July 14, 2026
- Authors: Luis Brandão-Marques, Damien Capelle, Diego Cerdeiro, Rui C. Mano
- Summary: Integrating and deepening banking and venture capital markets would boost output by at least 3 percent, and make business dynamism reforms more powerful
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Reforming Europe Under Pressure
- Published: April 17, 2026
- Authors: Alfred Kammer
- Summary: The region must respond to energy shocks through disciplined policies that protect the vulnerable and strengthen resilience
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Europe Can Regain Its Productivity Edge by Scaling Up
- Published: March 12, 2026
- Authors: Diego Cerdeiro, Stephan Danninger, Morgan Maneely
- Summary: Capital markets integration, expanding opportunities for workers, and bigger consumer markets will allow companies to grow faster
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How Europe Can Capture the AI Growth Dividend
- Published: November 20, 2025
- Authors: Florian Misch, Ben Park, Carlo Pizzinelli, Galen Sher
- Summary: Artificial intelligence could boost Europe’s productivity, but gains will hinge on efforts to deepen the single market and the calibration of regulation
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A United Europe Can Shape the Global Economy
- Published: June 3, 2025
- Authors: Gita Bhatt
- Summary: The European Union must unite to shape today’s global economy, rather than be shaped by it
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Europe Needs a Coordinated Approach to Industrial Policy
- Published: December 16, 2024
- Authors: Alfred Kammer, Andrew Hodge, Roberto Piazza
- Summary: The success of government interventions depends not just on how much is spent, but on spending it well.
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The 2004 EU Enlargement Was a Success Story Built on Deep Reform Efforts
- Published: December 3, 2024
- Authors: Robert Beyer, Claire Yi Li, Sebastian Weber
- Summary: New accession candidates will need to undertake equally ambitious reforms to make the next expansion a comparable success
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New European Wealth Gauge Helps Policymakers Address Inequality
- Published: November 19, 2024
- Authors: Henning Ahnert, Francien Berry, Darja Milic, Jorrit Zwijnenburg
- Summary: Combined measure allows for a deeper understanding of how wealth distribution affects the overall health of economies
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How Europe Can Make Carbon Pricing Policies Less Regressive
- Published: September 26, 2024
- Authors: Geoffroy Dolphin, Magnus Merkle
- Summary: Easing the burden on lower-income households is not only socially fair, but also economically efficient
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How to Awaken Europe's Private Sector and Boost Economic Growth
- Published: September 11, 2024
- Authors: Diego Cerdeiro, Gee Hee Hong, Alfred Kammer
- Summary: EU companies grow and innovate less than American counterparts
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Europe Can Better Support Venture Capital to Boost Growth and Productivity
- Published: July 15, 2024
- Authors: Nathaniel Arnold, Guillaume Claveres, Jan Frie
- Summary: Reforms could increase investment in high-tech startups that power innovation
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Europe Can Reap Sizable Energy Security Rewards by Scaling Up Climate Action
- Published: May 28, 2024
- Authors: Geoffroy Dolphin, Romain Duval, Galen Sher, Hugo Rojas-Romagosa
- Summary: Meeting the continent’s emission reduction targets could enhance energy security metrics by 8 percent by 2030—and that would be just the start
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Europe Must Succeed in Restoring Price Stability
- Published: October 13, 2023
- Authors: Alfred Kammer
- Summary: Tighter monetary policy is starting to work. Alternatives would be more costly.
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Europe Should Tighten Monetary Policy Further
- Published: July 21, 2023
- Authors: Alfred Kammer, Luis Brandão-Marques
- Summary: Higher interest rates soon would prevent more economic pain later
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Europe’s Inflation Outlook Depends on How Corporate Profits Absorb Wage Gains
- Published: June 26, 2023
- Authors: Niels-Jakob Hansen, Frederik Toscani, Jing Zhou
- Summary: Higher prices so far mostly reflect increases in profits and import costs, but labor costs are picking up
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Europe, And the World, Should Use Green Subsidies Cooperatively
- Published: May 11, 2023
- Authors: Alfred Kammer
- Summary: A coordinated approach, including toward subsidies, is needed to tackle climate change successfully
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Europe’s Knife-Edge Path Toward Beating Inflation Without a Recession
- Published: April 28, 2023
- Authors: Alfred Kammer
- Summary: Success will require tighter macroeconomic policies tailored to changing financial conditions, strong financial supervision and regulation, and bold supply-side reforms
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Europe Could Do Even More to Support Ukrainian Refugees
- Published: December 15, 2022
- Authors: Nicolo Bird, Neree Noumon
- Summary: Greater integration into economies and labor markets would benefit Europe and refugees
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Europe Must Address a Toxic Mix of High Inflation and Flagging Growth
- Published: October 23, 2022
- Authors: Alfred Kammer
- Summary: Authorities must tighten macroeconomic policies to bring down inflation, while helping vulnerable households and viable firms cope with the energy crisis
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European Fiscal Governance: A Proposal from the IMF
- Published: September 5, 2022
- Authors: Vitor Gaspar, Alfred Kammer, Ceyla Pazarbasioglu
- Summary: High debt and rising interest rates put a premium on improved governance to anchor fiscal policy in EU member states.
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How Europe Can Protect the Poor from Surging Energy Prices
- Published: August 3, 2022
- Authors: Oya Celasun, Dora Iakova, Ian Parry
- Summary: With fossil fuels likely to remain expensive for some time, governments should let retail prices rise to promote energy conservation while protecting poorer households.
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How a Russian Natural Gas Cutoff Could Weigh on Europe’s Economies
- Published: July 19, 2022
- Authors: Mark Flanagan, Alfred Kammer, Andrea Pescatori, Martin Stuermer
- Summary: The partial shutoff of gas deliveries is already affecting European growth, and a full shutdown could be substantially more severe.
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Inflation to be Elevated for Longer on War, Demand, Job Markets
- Published: April 27, 2022
- Authors: Jorge Alvarez, Philip Barrett
- Summary: The war in Ukraine will quicken inflation, which we now expect to remain elevated for longer than previously forecast on higher commodity costs and broader price pressures.
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War in Ukraine is Serious Setback to Europe’s Economic Recovery
- Published: April 21, 2022
- Authors: Alfred Kammer
- Summary: Ukraine and Russia face the sharpest economic contractions, but other countries could also fall into recession this year.
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Sustainable Finance in Emerging Markets is Enjoying Rapid Growth, But May Bring Risks
- Published: March 1, 2022
- Authors: Deepali Gautam, Rohit Goel, Fabio Natalucci
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Supply Disruptions Add to Inflation, Undermine Recovery in Europe
- Published: February 17, 2022
- Authors: Kristalina Georgieva, Oya Celasun, Alfred Kammer
- Summary: With supply constraints likely to persist, the challenge for policymakers is to support recovery without allowing high inflation to become entrenched.
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Europe’s Consumers are Sitting on 1 Trillion Euros in Pandemic Savings
- Published: February 10, 2022
- Authors: Thomas McGregor, Nujin Suphaphiphat, Frederik Toscani
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Europe’s Post-Pandemic Economic Challenges
- Published: October 20, 2021
- Authors: Alfred Kammer
- Summary: Getting fiscal policy right will be harder than dealing with inflation.
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The Resilience of Private Balance Sheets in Europe during COVID-19
- Published: July 15, 2021
- Authors: Estelle Xue Liu, Karim Foda, Sebastian Weber
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Making Affordable Rental Housing Part of Europe’s Recovery
- Published: May 26, 2021
- Authors: Alfred Kammer, Andrea Schaechter, Andreas Tudyka
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From Vaccines to V-Shaped Recovery in Europe
- Published: April 14, 2021
- Authors: Alfred Kammer
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Staying Afloat: New Measures to Support European Businesses
- Published: March 2, 2021
- Authors: Alfred Kammer, Laura Papi
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The Pre-Pandemic Debt Landscape—and Why It Matters
- Published: February 1, 2021
- Authors: Xuehui Han, Paulo Medas, Susan Yang
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Denmark’s Ambitious Green Vision
- Published: January 11, 2021
- Authors: Nicoletta Batini, Miguel Segoviano
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Europe Needs to Maintain Strong Policy Support to Sustain the Recovery
- Published: October 21, 2020
- Authors: Alfred Kammer
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Toward a More Resilient Europe
- Published: July 13, 2020
- Authors: Poul M. Thomsen
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Europe’s COVID-19 Crisis and the Fund’s Response
- Published: March 30, 2020
- Authors: Poul M. Thomsen
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Europe’s Wage-Price Puzzle
- Published: November 11, 2019
- Authors: Richard Varghese
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A Capital Market Union for Europe: Why It’s Needed and How to Get There
- Published: September 10, 2019
- Authors: Ashok Vir Bhatia, Srobona Mitra, Anke Weber
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Tariff Shocks: The Role of Value Chains in Europe
- Published: July 3, 2019
- Authors: Raju Huidrom, Carlos Mulas-Granados, Laura Papi, Emil Stavrev
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State Ownership in Europe’s Former Socialist States: The Unfinished Reform Agenda
- Published: June 18, 2019
- Authors: Poul Thomsen
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Five Actions to Strengthen the Euro Area Banking Union
- Published: December 14, 2018
- Authors: Atilla Arda, Daniel Hardy, Maike B. Luedersen
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The Uneven Path Ahead: The Effect of Brexit on Different Sectors in the UK Economy
- Published: December 4, 2018
- Authors: Jiaqian Chen
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Euro Area Inflation: Why Low For So Long?
- Published: August 28, 2018
- Authors: Yasser Abdih, Li Lin, Anne-Charlotte Paret Onorato
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Chart of the Week: The Spread of Ideas and Innovation
- Published: July 30, 2018
- Authors: The Editors
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The Global Expansion: Still Strong but Less Even, More Fragile, Under Threat
- Published: July 16, 2018
- Authors: Maurice Obstfeld
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Wanted: Policies to Encourage and Enable Work in Advanced Economies
- Published: April 9, 2018
- Authors: Francesco Grigoli, Zsóka Kóczán, Petia Topalova
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A Dream Deferred: Inequality and Poverty Across Generations in Europe
- Published: January 24, 2018
- Authors: Christine Lagarde
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Response to The Guardian's Opinion Piece on Tunisia
- Published: January 18, 2018
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Three German Economic Challenges with European Effect
- Published: January 17, 2018
- Authors: Christine Lagarde
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Staying Ahead of the Next Crisis: Improving Collaboration with Regional Financing Arrangements
- Published: December 21, 2017
- Authors: Petya Koeva Brooks, Pragyan Deb, Nathan Porter
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The Disconnect Between Unemployment and Wages
- Published: September 27, 2017
- Authors: Gee Hee Hong, Zsoka Koczan, Weicheng Lian, Malhar Nabar
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Better thy Neighbor? Cross-border Effects of Fiscal Actions
- Published: September 27, 2017
- Authors: Patrick Blagrave, Giang Ho, Ksenia Koloskova, Esteban Vesperoni
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Chart of the Week: Banking on Women—A Case for More
- Published: September 19, 2017
- Authors: The Editors
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Drifting Apart: Income Convergence in the Euro Area
- Published: September 13, 2017
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More Action Needed on European Bank Profitability
- Published: August 30, 2017
- Authors: John Caparusso, Rohit Goel, Will Kerry
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Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe: Harnessing the Power of Good Governance
- Published: July 27, 2017
- Authors: Poul Thomsen
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A Firming Recovery
- Published: July 24, 2017
- Authors: Maurice Obstfeld
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Assessing Global Imbalances: The Nuts and Bolts
- Published: June 26, 2017
- Authors: Maurice Obstfeld
- Summary: Current account imbalances can be healthy or a sign of macroeconomic and financial stress—which makes their evaluation tricky. In line with its mandate of promoting international monetary cooperation, the IMF conducts annual external assessments for the world’s largest economies. The objective is to alert the global community to potential risks that countries need to address together.
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Looking Back to Move Ahead
- Published: June 16, 2017
- Authors: The Editors
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Chart of the Week: Central and Eastern Europe Close the Gap
- Published: May 22, 2017
- Authors: The Editors
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Global Financial Stability Improves; Getting the Policy Mix Right to Sustain Gains
- Published: April 19, 2017
- Authors: Tobias Adrian
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The IMF is Not Asking Greece for More Austerity
- Published: December 12, 2016
- Authors: Maurice Obstfeld, Poul M. Thomsen
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Why Productivity Growth is Faltering in Aging Europe and Japan
- Published: December 9, 2016
- Authors: iMFdirect
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Questioning Accepted Truths
- Published: November 30, 2016
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Emigration Slows Eastern Europe’s Catch Up With the West
- Published: July 20, 2016
- Authors: Nadeem Ilahi, Anna Ilyina, Daria Zakharova
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A Spanner in the Works: An Update to the World Economic Outlook
- Published: July 19, 2016
- Authors: Maurice Obstfeld
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Growing Older: Germany Needs Reforms
- Published: June 29, 2016
- Authors: Enrica Detragiache, Jean-Marc Natal, Joana Pereira
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Global Growth: Too Slow for Too Long
- Published: April 12, 2016
- Authors: Maurice Obstfeld
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Doing It All—Women Boost the Bottom Line for Home, Firm, and Country
- Published: March 7, 2016
- Authors: Christine Lagarde
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From Taper Tantrum to Bund Bedlam
- Published: July 13, 2015
- Authors: Yingyuan Chen, David Jones, Sanjay Hazarika
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Don’t Rule it Out: Simplifying Fiscal Governance in Europe
- Published: May 29, 2015
- Authors: Petya Koeva Brooks, Gerd Schwartz
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Securitization: Restore Credit Flow to Revive Europe’s Small Businesses
- Published: May 7, 2015
- Authors: Shekhar Aiyar, Bergljot Barkbu, Andreas (Andy) Jobst
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European Life Insurers: Unsustainable Business Model
- Published: May 5, 2015
- Authors: Reinout De Bock, Andrea M. Maechler, Nobuyasu Sugimoto
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Unclogging Euro Area Bank Lending
- Published: April 30, 2015
- Authors: Will Kerry, Jean Portier
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Can Abenomics Succeed? Overcoming the Legacy of the Lost Decades
- Published: April 1, 2015
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Making Small Beautiful Again: The Challenge of SME Problem Loans in Europe
- Published: March 31, 2015
- Authors: Yan Liu, Kenneth Kang, Dermot Monaghan, Wolfgang Bergthaler
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Fiscal Arrangements in Federations: Four Lessons for Europe
- Published: February 25, 2015
- Authors: Martine Guerguil
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Investment in the Euro Area: Why Has It Been So Weak?
- Published: February 19, 2015
- Authors: Bergljot Bjørnson Barkbu, S. Pelin Berkmen, Hanni Schölermann
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Turkey’s Recipe to Escape the Middle-Income Trap
- Published: December 15, 2014
- Authors: Gregorio Impavido, Uffe Mikkelsen
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Challenges Ahead: Managing Spillovers
- Published: November 26, 2014
- Authors: Olivier Blanchard, Luc Laeven, Esteban Vesperoni
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Understanding Spillovers
- Published: November 12, 2014
- Authors: Olivier Blanchard, Luc Laeven, Esteban Vesperoni
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25 Years of Transition
- Published: November 7, 2014
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Banks Should Help, Not Hinder the Economy
- Published: October 20, 2014
- Authors: Will Kerry, Andrea M. Maechler
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Smart Fiscal Policy Will Help Jobs
- Published: October 8, 2014
- Authors: Vitor Gaspar
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The New Global Imbalance: Too Much Financial Risk-Taking, Not Enough Economic-Risk Taking
- Published: October 8, 2014
- Authors: José Viñals
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The Growth of Shadow Banking
- Published: October 3, 2014
- Authors: Gaston Gelos, Nico Valckx
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Back-to-School Blogs
- Published: September 4, 2014
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Europe’s Russian Connections
- Published: August 1, 2014
- Authors: Aasim M. Husain, Anna Ilyina, Li Zeng
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Euro Area – Q&A on QE
- Published: July 14, 2014
- Authors: Reza Moghadam, Ranjit Teja
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The Secret Weapon for Fiscal Strength—Strong Budget Institutions
- Published: May 29, 2014
- Authors: Holger van Eden
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Central, Eastern, and South-Eastern Europe: Safeguarding the Recovery as the Global Liquidity Tide Recedes
- Published: April 29, 2014
- Authors: Reza Moghadam, Aasim M. Husain, Anna Ilyina
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Europe’s Economic Outlook
- Published: April 11, 2014
- Authors: Reza Moghadam
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Global Financial Stability: Beginning To Turn The Corner
- Published: April 9, 2014
- Authors: José Viñals
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Jobs and Growth: Supporting the European Recovery
- Published: January 28, 2014
- Authors: Christine Lagarde
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Jobs and Growth in Europe
- Published: January 24, 2014
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Recovery Strengthening, but Much Work Remains
- Published: January 21, 2014
- Authors: Olivier Blanchard
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Europe’s Choice: Risk Stagnation or Pursue Integration
- Published: October 11, 2013
- Authors: Nemat Shafik
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Still Some Hurdles On The Fiscal Path
- Published: October 9, 2013
- Authors: Martine Guerguil
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Transitions to Financial Stability: A Bumpy Ride
- Published: October 9, 2013
- Authors: José Viñals
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Advanced Economies Strengthening, Emerging Market Economies Weakening
- Published: October 8, 2013
- Authors: Olivier Blanchard
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How Emerging Markets Can Get Their Groove Back
- Published: October 7, 2013
- Authors: Kalpana Kochhar, Roberto Perrelli
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Giving Credit Where Credit is Due: How to Design Policies that Work
- Published: October 2, 2013
- Authors: Erik Oppers
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Global Outlook—Still Three Speeds, But Slower
- Published: July 9, 2013
- Authors: Olivier Blanchard
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The Lessons of the North Atlantic Crisis for Economic Theory and Policy
- Published: May 3, 2013
- Authors: Joseph E. Stiglitz
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How to Sustain Recent Financial Gains: Fix Old Risks and Meet New Challenges
- Published: April 17, 2013
- Authors: José Viñals
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Scenes From A Central Bank: A Turkish Tale in Two Acts
- Published: April 2, 2013
- Authors: Robert Tchaidze, Heiko Hesse
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A Missing Piece In Europe’s Growth Puzzle
- Published: March 5, 2013
- Authors: Reza Moghadam
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Time For A Spring Cleaning: The Global Economy Will Thank You
- Published: February 25, 2013
- Authors: José Viñals
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Europe: Toward A More Perfect Union
- Published: February 15, 2013
- Authors: Nemat Shafik
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We May Have Avoided the Cliffs, But We Still Face High Mountains
- Published: January 23, 2013
- Authors: Olivier Blanchard
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Time Not On Our Side: Tough Decisions Needed to Strengthen Financial Stability
- Published: October 10, 2012
- Authors: José Viñals
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Restoring Jobs by Restoring Growth
- Published: October 3, 2012
- Authors: Min Zhu
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Not Making the Grade: Report Card on Global Financial Reform
- Published: September 28, 2012
- Authors: Laura Kodres
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The Long-term Price of Financial Reform
- Published: September 11, 2012
- Authors: André Oliveira Santos, Douglas J. Elliott
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Taking Away the Punch Bowl: Lessons from the Booms and Busts in Emerging Europe
- Published: September 10, 2012
- Authors: Bas B. Bakker, Christoph Klingen
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Convergence, Crisis, and Capacity Building in Emerging Europe
- Published: July 27, 2012
- Authors: Nemat Shafik
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Signs of Fiscal Progress: Will It Be Enough?
- Published: July 18, 2012
- Authors: Carlo Cottarelli
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World Faces Weak Economic Recovery
- Published: July 16, 2012
- Authors: Olivier Blanchard
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Lost & Found in Eastern Europe: Replacing Funding by Western Europe's Banks
- Published: June 13, 2012
- Authors: Christoph Kling
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Lessons from Latvia
- Published: June 11, 2012
- Authors: Olivier Blanchard
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Latvia Beat the Odds—But the Battle Is Far From Over
- Published: June 1, 2012
- Authors: Mark Griffiths
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Beyond the Austerity Debate: the Deficit Bias in the post-Bretton Woods Era
- Published: May 21, 2012
- Authors: Carlo Cottarelli
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Why the Arab World Needs an Economic Spring
- Published: May 18, 2012
- Authors: Nemat Shafik
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Fiscal Consolidation: Striking the Right Balance
- Published: May 8, 2012
- Authors: David Lipton
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Making Goldilocks Happy
- Published: April 20, 2012
- Authors: Carlo Cottarelli
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Global Financial Stability: What’s Still To Be Done?
- Published: April 18, 2012
- Authors: José Viñals
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Mediocre Growth, High Risks, and The Long Road Ahead
- Published: April 17, 2012
- Authors: Olivier Blanchard
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Debt Hangover: Nonperforming Loans in Europe’s Emerging Economies
- Published: March 29, 2012
- Authors: Christoph Rosenberg, Christoph Klingen
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Avoiding a Lost Generation
- Published: March 15, 2012
- Authors: Nemat Shafik
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New links for economics and finance
- Published: March 3, 2012
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IMF Welcomes New Eurozone Understanding on Greece
- Published: February 21, 2012
- Authors: Greece
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The Impact of the Gloomier Global Outlook on Latin America
- Published: February 10, 2012
- Authors: Nicolás Eyzaguirre
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Lagarde in Davos: How to Avoid an Economic Deep Freeze
- Published: January 27, 2012
- Authors: iMFdirect
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How to Exit the Danger Zone: IMF Update on Global Financial Stability
- Published: January 24, 2012
- Authors: José Viñals
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Driving the Global Economy with the Brakes On
- Published: January 24, 2012
- Authors: Olivier Blanchard
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Lively Debate on the Dead Sea Shores
- Published: October 24, 2011
- Authors: Nemat Shafik
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Growing Pains: Europe's Dilemma
- Published: October 21, 2011
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The Danger Zone: Financial Stability Risks Soar
- Published: September 21, 2011
- Authors: José Viñals
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Strong Policy Action—The Essence of Restoring Global Economic Hope
- Published: September 20, 2011
- Authors: Olivier Blanchard
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The Solution Is More, Not Less Europe
- Published: July 19, 2011
- Authors: Antonio Borges
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No Country is an Island: Ireland and the IMF
- Published: July 14, 2011
- Authors: iMFdirect
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Postcard from São Paulo: the Latest Global Fiscal News–and Some of It’s Actually Good
- Published: June 21, 2011
- Authors: Carlo Cottarelli
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Tough Political Decisions Needed to Fix the Financial System
- Published: June 20, 2011
- Authors: José Viñals
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More Diversity will Help the IMF at Work
- Published: June 1, 2011
- Authors: iMFdirect
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The Emerging Bright Spot in Europe
- Published: May 18, 2011
- Authors: Antonio Borges
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More, Not Less, Financial Integration Needed in Europe
- Published: May 12, 2011
- Authors: Antonio Borges
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Shifting Gears: Where the Rubber Meets the Fiscal Road
- Published: April 12, 2011
- Authors: Carlo Cottarelli
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Global Recovery Strengthens, Tensions Heighten
- Published: April 11, 2011
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A Balanced Debate About Reforming Macroeconomics
- Published: March 22, 2011
- Authors: Joseph E. Stiglitz
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An Important Starting Point—with One Gap
- Published: March 16, 2011
- Authors: David H. Romer
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No End in Sight: Early Lessons on Crisis Management
- Published: March 9, 2011
- Authors: Stijn Claessens, Ceyla Pazarbasioglu
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The Long and the Short of It—Government Debt Plans in 2011 and Beyond
- Published: February 1, 2011
- Authors: Carlo Cottarelli
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Time Waits for No Man: How to Secure Financial Stability in 2011
- Published: January 25, 2011
- Authors: José Viñals
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Two-speed Global Recovery Continues
- Published: January 25, 2011
- Authors: Olivier Blanchard
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2011—A Pivotal Year for Global Cooperation
- Published: January 4, 2011
- Authors: John Lipsky
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Listening to Voices: The IMF’s Dialogue with Civil Society
- Published: November 29, 2010
- Authors: Caroline Atkinson
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Financial System Fragilities – Achilles’ Heel of Economic Recovery
- Published: October 5, 2010
- Authors: José Viñals
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Key Links for the Greek Financing Package
- Published: May 2, 2010
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IMF Sees Financial Risks Still Elevated
- Published: April 20, 2010
- Authors: José Viñals
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Crisis Lessons to Remember for Europe’s Policymakers
- Published: February 24, 2010
- Authors: Marek Belka
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Emerging Europe: Managing Large Capital Flows
- Published: February 19, 2010
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Reigniting Growth in Emerging Europe
- Published: February 10, 2010
- Authors: Marek Belka
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Getting Ready to Join the Eurozone Club
- Published: February 1, 2010
- Authors: Marek Belka
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After the Crisis, Much Still at Stake for Eurozone
- Published: January 21, 2010
- Authors: Marek Belka
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Unwinding Crisis Policies in Europe: Are We There Yet?
- Published: January 17, 2010
- Authors: Marek Belka
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Source: https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/regions/EUR