IMF Working Papers

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Format: Chicago

Umberto Muratori, Pedro Juarros, and Daniel Valderrama. "Heterogeneous Spending, Heterogeneous Multipliers", IMF Working Papers 2023, 052 (2023), accessed 12/6/2025, https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400233777.001

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Disclaimer: IMF Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to encourage debate. The views expressed in IMF Working Papers are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the IMF, its Executive Board, or IMF management.

Summary

Do local fiscal multipliers depend on what the government purchases? We find that government purchases of services have larger effects on employment than spending on goods. Industries producing services are more labor-intensive than industries producing goods. This heterogeneity in labor intensity is an important mechanism behind these results. Spending directed toward labor-intensive industries generates stronger increases in employment and labor income relative to spending toward non-labor-intensive industries.

Subject: Defense spending, Employment, Expenditure, Fiscal multipliers, Fiscal policy, Labor

Keywords: copyright page, Defense spending, Employment, Fiscal multipliers, goods spending, government purchase, Heterogeneous Local Fiscal Multipliers, heterogeneous multiplier, Labor Intensity, Services and Goods Spending, services spending