Inequality in Times of Covid-19
- COVID-19 Recovery Contributions (April 16, 2021)
- Tax Policy for Inclusive Growth after the Pandemic (December 16, 2020)
- Mobile Money in the COVID-19 Pandemic (October 7, 2020)
- Enhancing Digital Solutions to Implement Emergency Responses (June 8, 2020)
- Options to Support the Incomes of Informal Workers During COVID-19 (May 20, 2020)
- Digital Solutions for Direct Cash Transfers in Emergencies, The Special Series Notes on COVID-19 (April 20, 2020)
- Expenditure Policies in Support of Firms and Households, The Special Series Notes on COVID-19 (April 20, 2020)
- Managing the Impact on Households: Assessing Universal Transfers, The Special Series Notes on COVID-19 (April 20, 2020)
- Managing the Impacts of the Coronavirus: Guidance on Health Spending Policies, The Special Series Notes on COVID-19 (April 20, 2020)
- Reaching Households in Emerging and Developing Economies: Citizen ID, Socioeconomic Data, and Digital Delivery, The Special Series Notes on COVID-19 (April 20, 2020)
IMF Policy Papers
- Measuring Economic Welfare: What and How (May 2020)
- Review of Implementation of IMF Commitments in Support of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (June 2019)
- A Strategy for IMF Engagement on Social Spending (June 2019)
- A Strategy for IMF Engagement on Social Spending: Background Papers (June 2019)
- A Strategy for IMF Engagement on Social Spending: Case Studies (June 2019)
- Guidance Note on IMF Engagement on Social Safeguards in Low-Income Countries (July 2018)
- How to Operationalize Inequality Issues in Country Work (June 2018)
- Implementation Plan in Response to the Board-Endorsed Recommendations for the IEO Evaluation Report - "The IMF and Social Protection" (February 2018)
- Statement by the Managing Director on the Independent Evaluation Office's Report on the IMF and Social Protection (July 2017)
- Social Safeguards and Program Design in PRGT and PSI-Supported Programs (June 2017)
- Fiscal Policy and Income Inequality (January 2014)
Research Papers
- Santiago Acosta-Ormaechea, Samuel Pienknagura and Carlo Pizzinelli, “Tax Policy for Inclusive Growth in Latin America and the Caribbean”, Working Paper No. 2022/008 (January 2022),
- Mercedes García-Escribano, Tewodaj Mogues, Mariano Moszoro and Mauricio Soto, “The Spending Challenge of Achieving the SDGs in South Asia: Lessons from India”, Working Paper No. 2021/294 (December 2021).
- Kangni R Kpodarand Boya Liu, “The Distributional Implications of the Impact of Fuel Price Increases on Inflation”, Working Paper No. 2021/271 (November 2021).
- Stefania Fabrizio, Diego B. P. Gomes, Carine Meyimdjuiand Marina M. Tavares, “Epidemics, Gender, and Human Capital in Developing Countries”, Working Paper No. 2021/266 (November 2021).
- Charles Vellutiniand Juan Carlos Benitez, “Measuring the Redistributive Capacity of Tax Policies”, Working Paper No. 2021/252 (October 2021).
- Swarnali A Hannan, Juan Pablo Cuesta Aguirreand David Bartolini, “Social Spending in Mexico: Needs, Priorities and Reforms”, Working Paper No. 2021/244 (October 2021).
- Rasmane Ouedraogo and Nicolas Syrichas, “Intergenerational Social Mobility in Africa Since 1920”, Working Paper No. 2021/215 (August 2021).
- Valentina Bonifacio et al., “Distributional Effects of Monetary Policy”, Working Paper No. 2021/201 (July 2021).
- Andrew Berg, Lahcen Bounader, Nikolay Gueorguiev, Hiroaki Miyamoto, Kenji Moriyama, Ryota Nakatani and Luis-Felipe Zanna, “For the Benefit of All: Fiscal Policies and Equity-Efficiency Trade-offs in the Age of Automation”, Working Paper No. 2021/187 (July 2021).
- Juan Pablo Cuesta Aguirreand Swarnali A Hannan, “Recoveries After Pandemics: The Role of Policies and Structural Features”, Working Paper No. 2021/181 (July 2021).
- Baoping Shang, “The Poverty and Distributional Impacts of Carbon Pricing: Channels and Policy Implications”, Working Paper No. 2021/172 (June 2021).
- Anton Korinek, Martin Schindler and Joseph Stiglitz, “Technological Progress, Artificial Intelligence, and Inclusive Growth”, Working Paper No. 2021/166 (June 2021).
- Amar Bhattacharya, Maksym Ivanyna, William Omanand Nicholas Stern, “Climate Action to Unlock the Inclusive Growth Story of the 21st Century”, Working Paper No. 2021/147 (May 2021).
- Oksana Dynnikova, Annette J Kyobe and Slavi T. Slavov, “Regional Disparities and Fiscal Federalism in Russia”, Working Paper No. 2021/144 (May 2021).
- Asmaa El-Ganainy, Ekkehard Ernst, Rossana Merola, Richard Rogerson and Martin Schindler, “Inclusivity in the Labor Market”, Working Paper No. 2021/141 (May 2021).
- Davide Furceri, Prakash Loungani, Jonathan David Ostry and Pietro Pizzuto, “Will COVID-19 Affect Inequality? Evidence from Past Pandemics”, Working Paper No. 2021/127 (May 2021).
- Ravi Balakrishnan, Sandra Lizarazo, Marika Santoro, Frederik G Toscani and Mauricio Vargas, “Commodity Cycles, Inequality, and Poverty in Latin America”, Departmental Paper No 2021/009 (April 2021).
- Dora Benedek, Edward R Gemayel, Abdelhak S Senhadji and Alexander F. Tieman, “A Post-Pandemic Assessment of the Sustainable Development Goals”, IMF Staff Discussion Notes No. 2021/003 (April 2021).
- Fernanda Brollo, Emine Hanedar and Sébastien Walker, “Pakistan: Spending Needs for Reaching Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)”, Working Paper No. 2021/108 (April 2021).
- Davide Furceri, Prakash Loungani, Jonathan David Ostry and Pietro Pizzuto, “The Rise in Inequality after Pandemics: Can Fiscal Support Play a Mitigating Role?”, Working Paper No. 2021/120 (April 2021).
- Ken Miyajima, “Monetary Policy, Inflation, and Distributional Impact: South Africa’s Case”, Working Paper No. 2021/078 (March 2021).
- Kristoffer Berg and Shafik Hebous, “Does a Wealth Tax Improve Equality of Opportunity? Evidence from Norway”, Working Paper No. 2021/085 (March 2021).
- Alexander D. Klemm and Paolo Mauro, “Pandemic and Progressivity”, Working Paper No. 2021/024 (February 2021).
- Khalid ElFayoumi, Izabela Karpowicz, Jenny Lee, Marina Marinkov, Aiko Mineshima, Jorge Salas, Andreas Tudyka and Andrea Schaechter, “Affordable Rental Housing: Making It Part of Europe’s Recovery”, Departmental Paper No 2021/013 (May 2021).
- Sriram Balasubramanian, Lahcen Bounader, Jana Bricco and Dmitry Vasilyev, “Is There a One-Size-Fits-All Approach to Inclusive Growth? A Case Study Analysis”, Working Paper No. 2021/111 (April 2021).
- Diala Al Masri, Valentina Flamini and Frederik G Toscani, “The Short-Term Impact of COVID-19 on Labor Markets, Poverty and Inequality in Brazil”, Working Paper No. 2021/066 (March 2021).
- Tahsin Saadi Sedik ; Jiae Yoo, “Pandemics and Automation: Will the Lost Jobs Come Back?”, Working Paper No. 2021/011 (January 2021).
- Philip Barrett and Sophia Chen, “Social Repercussions of Pandemics”, Working Paper No. 2021/021 (January 2021).
- Christopher J. Jarvis, Gaelle Pierre, Benedicte Baduel, Dominique Fayad, Alexander de Keyserling, Babacar Sarr and Mariusz A. Sumlinski, “Economic Governance Reforms to Support Inclusive Growth in the Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia”, Departmental Paper No. 2021/001 (January 2021).
- Khaled Abdel-Kader and Ruud A. de Mooij, “Tax Policy and Inclusive Growth”, Working Paper No. 2020/271 (December 2020).
- Emilia M Jurzyk, Medha Madhu Nair, Nathalie Pouokam, Tahsin Saadi Sedik, Anthony Tan and Irina Yakadina, “COVID-19 and Inequality in Asia: Breaking the Vicious Cycle”, Working Paper No. 2020/217 (October 2020).
- Tahsin Saadi Sedik and Rui Xu, “A Vicious Cycle: How Pandemics Lead to Economic Despair and Social Unrest”, Working Paper No. 2020/216 (October 2020).
- Ken Miyajima, “Mobile Phone Ownership and Welfare: Evidence from South Africa’s Household Survey”, Working Paper No. 2020/222 (October 2020).
- Delphine Prady, Herve Tourpe, Sonja Davidovic and Soheib Nunhuck, “Beyond the COVID-19 Crisis: A Framework for Sustainable Government-To-Person Mobile Money Transfers”, Working Paper No. 20/198 (September 2020).
- Vimal V Thakoor, “Market Power, Growth, and Inclusion: The South African Experience”, Working Paper No. 20/206 (September 2020).
- Cristian Alonso, Andrew Berg, Siddharth Kothari, Chris Papageorgiou and Sidra Rehman, “Will the AI Revolution Cause a Great Divergence?”, Working Paper No. 20/184 (September 2020).
- Niels-Jakob H Hansen, Alessandro Lin and Rui Mano, “Should Inequality Factor into Central Banks' Decisions?”, Working Paper No. 20/196 (September 2020).
- Koshy Mathai, Christoph Duenwald, Anastasia Guscina, Rayah Al-Farah, Hatim Bukhari, Atif Chaudry, Moataz El-Said, Fozan Fareed, Kerstin Gerling, Nghia-Piotr Le, Franto Ricka, Cesar Serra, Tetyana Sydorenko, Sébastien Walker and Mohammed Zaher, “Social Spending for Inclusive Growth in the Middle East and Central Asia”, Departmental Paper No. 2020/012 (September 2020).
- Robert Blotevogel ; Eslem Imamoglu ; Kenji Moriyama ; Babacar Sarr, “Measuring Income Inequality and Implications for Economic Transmission Channels”, Working Paper No. 20/164 (August 2020).
- Adolfo Barajas, Thorsten Beck, Mohammed Belhaj and Sami Ben Naceur, “Financial Inclusion: What Have We Learned So Far? What Do We Have to Learn?”, Working Paper No. 20/157 (August 2020).
- Jean-Jacques Hallaert, “Poverty and Social Protection in Bulgaria”, Working Paper No. 20/147 (July 2020).
- Ratna Sahay, Ulric Eriksson von Allmen, Amina Lahreche, Purva Khera, Sumiko Ogawa, Majid Bazarbash and Kimberly Beaton, “The Promise of Fintech : Financial Inclusion in the Post COVID-19 Era”, Departmental Paper No. 20/09 (July 2020).
- David Coady and Nghia-Piotr Le, “Designing Fiscal Redistribution: The Role of Universal and Targeted Transfers”, Working Paper No. 20/105 (June 2020).
- Mariya Brussevich, Era Dabla-Norris and Salma Khalid, “Who will Bear the Brunt of Lockdown Policies? Evidence from Tele-workability Measures Across Countries”, Working Paper No. 20/88 (June 2020).
- Ippei Shibata, “The Distributional Impact of Recessions: the Global Financial Crisis and the Pandemic Recession”, Working Paper No. 20/96 (June 2020).
- Sami Ben Naceur, Ralph Chami and Mohamed Trabelsi, “Do Remittances Enhance Financial Inclusion in LMICs and in Fragile States?”, Working Paper No. 20/66 (May 2020).
- Corinne Deléchat, Lama Kiyasseh, Margaux MacDonald and Rui Xu, “Drivers of Financial Access: the Role of Macroprudential Policies”, Working Paper No. 20/74 (May 2020).
- Anna Fruttero, Daniel Gurara, Lisa L Kolovich, Vivian Malta, Marina Mendes Tavares, Nino Tchelishvili and Stefania Fabrizio, “Women in the Labor Force: The Role of Fiscal Policies”, IMF Staff Discussion Notes No. 20/03 (February 16, 2020).
- Delphine Prady and Mouhamadou Sy, “The Spending Challenge for Reaching the SDGs in Sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons Learned from Benin and Rwanda”, Working Paper No. 19/270 (December 2019).
- Niels-Jakob H Hansen and Albe Gjonbalaj, “Advancing Inclusive Growth in Cambodia”, Working Paper No. 19/187 (September 2019).
- Mercedes Vera-Martín, Dominique Fayad, Rayah Al-Farah, Sergejs Saksonovs, Wei Shi and Fang Yang, “Promoting Inclusive Growth in the Caucasus and Central Asia”, Departmental Paper No. 19/09 (May 2019).
- Mai Dao, “Wealth Inequality and Private Savings: The Case of Germany”, Working Paper No. 20/107 (June 26, 2020).
- Anna Fruttero, Alexandre Ribeiro Leichsenring, and Luis Henrique Paiva, “Social Programs and Formal Employment: Evidence from the Brazilian Bolsa Família Program”, Working Paper No. 20/99 (June 19, 2020)
- Mariya Brussevich, Era Dabla-Norris and Salma Khalid, “Who will Bear the Brunt of Lockdown Policies? Evidence from Tele-workability Measures Across Countries”, Working Paper No. 20/88 (June 12, 2020).
- Svetlana Vtyurina, Effectiveness and Equity in Social Spending - The Case of Spain, Working Paper No. 20/16 (January 30, 2020)
- Serhan Cevik and Carolina Correa-Caro, “Taking Down the Wall: Transition and Inequality”, IMF Working Paper (February 14, 2020).
- Martin Cihak and Ratna Sahay, “Finance and Inequality”, IMF Staff Discussion Notes No. 20/01 (January 17, 2020
- Iana Paliova, Robert McNown and Grant Nülle, “Multiple Dimensions of Human Development Index and Public Social Spending for Sustainable Development”, Working Paper No. 19/204 (September 26, 2019)
- Natalija Novta and Evgenia Pugacheva, “Manufacturing Jobs and Inequality: Why is the U.S. Experience Different?”, IMF Working Paper 19/191 (September 13, 2019).
- Djeneba Doumbia and Tidiane Kinda, “Reallocating Public Spending to Reduce Income Inequality: Can It Work?”, Working Paper No. 19/188 (September 6, 2019).
- Frederic Lambert and Hyunmin Park, “Income Inequality and Government Transfers in Mexico”, Working Paper No. 19/148, (July 11, 2019).
- Tamim Bayoumi and Jelle Barkema, “Stranded! How Rising Inequality Suppressed US Migration and Hurt Those Left Behind”, Working Paper No. 19/122 (June 3, 1999).
- William Gbohoui; W. Raphael Lam; Victor Duarte Lledo, “The Great Divide: Regional Inequality and Fiscal Policy”, Working Paper No. 19/88 (May 2, 2019).
- David Coady, Devin D'Angelo, and Brooks Evans, “Fiscal Redistribution and Social Welfare”, Working Paper No. 19/51 (March 8, 2019)
- Shekhar Aiyar and Christian H Ebeke, “Inequality of Opportunity, Inequality of Income and Economic Growth”, Working Paper No. 19/34 (February 15, 2019).
- Vitor Gaspar, David Amaglobeli, Mercedes Garcia-Escribano, Delphine Prady, Mauricio Soto, “Fiscal Policy and Development: Human, Social, and Physical Investments for the SDGs”, Staff Discussion Notes No. 19/03 (January 23, 2019)
- Burcu Hacibedel, Pierre Mandon, Priscilla S Muthoora and Nathalie Pouokam, “Inequality in Good and Bad Times: A Cross-Country Approach”, Working Paper No. 19/20 (January 22, 2019).
- Maura Francese and Delphine Prady, “Universal Basic Income: Debate and Impact Assessment”, Working Paper No. 18/273 (December 10, 2018).
- Claudia Gerber, Alexander D Klemm, Li Liu and Victor Mylonas, “Personal Income Tax Progressivity: Trends and Implications”, Working Paper No. 18/246 (November 20, 2018).
- Benjamin Hilgenstock and Zsoka Koczan, “Still Attached? Are Social Safety Nets Working? Labor Force Participation in European Regions”, IMF Working Paper No. 18/165 (July 13, 2018)
- Zsoka Koczan and Franz Loyola, “How Do Migration and Remittances Affect Inequality? A Case Study of Mexico”, Working Paper No. 18/136 (June 14, 2018).
- Adrian Peralta-Alva, Marina Mendes Tavares, Xuan S. Tam and Xin Tang, “The Macroeconomic and Distributional Implications of Fiscal Consolidations in Low-income Countries”, Working Paper No. 18/146 (June 13, 2018).
- Sonali Jain-Chandra, Niny Khor, Rui Mano, Johanna Schauer, Philippe Wingender and Juzhong Zhuang, “Inequality in China – Trends, Drivers and Policy Remedies”, Working Paper No. 18/127 (June 5, 2018).
- Davide Furceri, Prakash Loungani and Jonathan David Ostry, “The Aggregate and Distributional Effects of Financial Globalization: Evidence from Macro and Sectoral Data”, Working Paper No. 18/83 (April 6, 2018).
- Davide Furceri, Jun Ge, Prakash Loungani and Giovanni Melina, “The Distributional Effects of Government Spending Shocks in Developing Economies”, Working Paper No. 18/57 (March 14, 2018).
- Valentin F. Lang and Marina Mendes Tavares, “The Distribution of Gains from Globalization”, Working Paper No. 18/54 (March 13, 2018).
- Sanjeev Gupta, Sugata Marjit and Sandip Sarkar, “An Application of Distribution-Neutral Fiscal Policy”, Working Paper No. 18/12 (January 24, 2018).
- Jonathan David Ostry, Andrew Berg and Siddharth Kothari, “Growth-Equity Trade-offs in Structural Reforms”, Working Paper No. 18/5 (January 5, 2018).
- Geoffrey J Bannister and Alex Mourmouras, “Welfare vs. Income Convergence and Environmental Externalities”, Working Paper No. 17/271 (December 7, 2017).
- Ali Alichi, Rodrigo Mariscal and Daniela Muhaj, “Hollowing Out: The Channels of Income Polarization in the United States”, Working Paper No. 17/244 (November 15, 2017).
- Goksu Aslan, Corinne Deléchat, Monique Newiak and Fan Yang, “Inequality in Financial Inclusion and Income Inequality”, Working Paper No. 17/236 (November 8, 2017).
- Carlos Góes and Izabela Karpowicz, “Inequality in Brazil: A Regional Perspective”, Working Paper No. 17/225 (October 31, 2017).
- Davide Furceri and Bin Grace Li, “The Macroeconomic (and Distributional) Effects of Public Investment in Developing Economies”, Working Paper No. 17/217 (October 20, 2017).
- Vitor Gaspar, Paolo Mauro and Tigran Poghosyan, “Lessons from the Old Masters on Assessing Equity and Efficiency: A Primer for Fiscal Policymakers”, Working Paper No. 17/214 (October 3, 2017).
- Javier Kapsoli and Iulia Ruxandra Teodoru “Benchmarking Social Spending Using Efficiency Frontiers”, Working Paper No. 17/197 (September 5, 2017)
- Santiago Acosta Ormaechea, Takuji Komatsuzaki and Carolina Correa-Caro, “Fiscal Reforms, Long-term Growth and Income Inequality”, Working Paper No. 17/145 (June 29, 2017).
- Alexei P Kireyev and Jingyang Chen, “Inclusive Growth Framework”, Working Paper No. 17/127 (May 30, 2017).
- David Coady and Allan Dizioli, “Income Inequality and Education Revisited : Persistence, Endogeneity, and Heterogeneity”, Working Paper No. 17/126 (May 26, 2017).
- Francesco Grigoli and Adrian Robles, “Inequality Overhang”, Working Paper No. 17/76 (March 28, 2017).
- Margarita Rubio and Filiz D Unsal, “Macroprudential Policy, Incomplete Information and Inequality: The case of Low-Income and Developing Countries”, Working Paper No. 17/59 (March 22, 2017).
- Kimberly Beaton, Aliona Cebotari and Andras Komaromi, “Revisiting the Link between Trade, Growth and Inequality : Lessons for Latin America and the Caribbean”, Working Paper No. 17/46 (March 9, 2017).
- Davide Furceri, Prakash Loungani and Aleksandra Zdzienicka, “The Effects of Monetary Policy Shocks on Inequality”, Working Paper No. 16/245 (December 22, 2016).
- Francesco Grigoli, Evelio Paredes and Gabriel Di Bella, “Inequality and Growth: A Heterogeneous Approach”, Working Paper No. 16/244 (December 16, 2016).
- Eric D Gould and Alexander Hijzen, “Growing Apart, Losing Trust? The Impact of Inequality on Social Capital”, Working Paper No. 16/176 (August 22, 2016)
- Carlos Góes, “Testing Piketty’s Hypothesis on the Drivers of Income Inequality: Evidence from Panel VARs with Heterogeneous Dynamics”, Working Paper No. 16/160 (August 3, 2016).
- Ali Alichi, Kory Kantenga and Juan Sole, “Income Polarization in the United States”, Working Paper No. 16/121 (June 28, 2016).
- Rahul Anand, Siddharth Kothari and Naresh Kumar, “South Africa: Labor Market Dynamics and Inequality”, Working Paper No. 16/137 (July 11, 2016).
- Dalia S Hakura, Mumtaz Hussain, Monique Newiak, Vimal Thakoor and Fan Yang Inequality, “Gender Gaps and Economic Growth: Comparative Evidence for Sub-Saharan Africa”, Working Paper No. 16/111 (June 8, 2016).
- Sonali Jain-Chandra, Tidiane Kinda, Kalpana Kochhar, Shi Piao and Johanna Schauer, “Sharing the Growth Dividend: Analysis of Inequality in Asia”, Working Paper No. 16/48 (March 4, 2016).
- Raphael A Espinoza and Esther Perez Ruiz, “How Do Fiscal and Labor Policies in France Affect Inequality?”, Working Paper No. 16/41, (February 29, 2016).
- Sami Ben Naceur; RuiXin Zhang, “Financial Development, Inequality and Poverty: Some International Evidence”, (February 19, 2016).
- Zsoka Koczan, “Being Poor, Feeling Poorer: Inequality, Poverty and Poverty Perceptions in the Western Balkans”, Working Paper No. 16/31 (February 19, 2016).
- Mauricio Vargas and Santiago Garriga, “Explaining Inequality and Poverty Reduction in Bolivia”, Working Paper No. 15/265 (December 18, 2015).
- Maura Francese and Carlos Mulas-Granados, “Functional Income Distribution and Its Role in Explaining Inequality”, Working Paper No. 15/244 (November 24, 2015).
- Davide Furceri and Prakash Loungani, “Capital Account Liberalization and Inequality”, Working Paper No. 15/243 (November 24, 2015).
- Daouda Sembene, “Poverty, Growth, and Inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa : Did the Walk Match the Talk under the PRSP Approach?”, Working Paper No. 15/122 (June 12, 2015).
- Era Dabla-Norris, Yan Ji, Robert Townsend and Filiz D Unsal, “Identifying Constraints to Financial Inclusion and Their Impact on GDP and Inequality: A Structural Framework for Policy”, Working Paper No. 15/22 (January 27, 2015).
- Mauricio Soto, Vimal Thakoor, Martin Petri, Pension Reforms in Mauritius: Fair and Fast—Balancing Social Protection and Fiscal Sustainability, Working Paper No. 15/126 (June 19, 2015)
- Christian H Ebeke and Constant A Lonkeng Ngouana, “Energy Subsidies and Public Social Spending: Theory and Evidence, Working Paper No. 15/101 (May 6, 2015)
- Serhan Cevik and Carolina Correa-Caro, “Growing (Un)equal: Fiscal Policy and Income Inequality in China and BRIC+”, Working Paper No. 15/68 (March 25, 2015).
- David Pothier and Damien Puy, “Demand Composition and Income Distribution”, Working Paper No. 14/224 (December 15, 2014).
- Izabela Karpowicz, “Financial Inclusion, Growth and Inequality : A Model Application to Colombia”, Working Paper No. 14/166 (September 12, 2014).
- Evridiki Tsounta and Anayochukwu Osueke, “What is Behind Latin America’s Declining Income Inequality?”, Working Paper No. 14/124 (July 15, 2014).
- Markus Bruckner, Era Dabla-Norris and Mark Gradstein, “National Income and Its Distribution”, Working Paper No. 14/101 (June 11, 2014).
- João Pedro Azevedo, Antonio David, Fabiano Rodrigues Rodrigues Bastos and Emilio Pineda, “Fiscal Adjustment and Income Inequality: Sub-national Evidence from Brazil”, Working Paper No. 14/85 (May 12, 2014).
- Caroline-Antonia Goerl and Mike Seiferling, “Income Inequality, Fiscal Decentralization and Transfer Dependency”, Working Paper No. 14/64 (April 16, 2014).
- Jonathan D. Ostry, Andrew Berg, and Charalambos G. Tsangarides, “Redistribution, Inequality, and Growth”, IMF Staff Discussion Note 14/02 (February 2014).
- Michael Kumhof, Romain Ranciere and Pablo Winant, “Inequality, Leverage and Crises : The Case of Endogenous Default”, Working Paper No. 13/249 (December 17, 2013).
- Jaejoon Woo, Elva Bova, Tidiane Kinda and Yuanyan S Zhang, “Distributional Consequences of Fiscal Consolidation and the Role of Fiscal Policy : What Do the Data Say?”, Working Paper No. 13/195 (September 17, 2013).
- Ravi Balakrishnan, Chad Steinberg and Murtaza H Syed, “The Elusive Quest for Inclusive Growth : Growth, Poverty, and Inequality in Asia”, Working Paper No. 13/152 (June 26, 2013).
- Laurence M. Ball, Davide Furceri, Daniel Leigh and Prakash Loungani, “The Distributional Effects of Fiscal Consolidation”, Working Paper No. 13/151 (June 21, 2013).
- Olumuyiwa S Adedeji, Huancheng Du, and Maxwell Opoku-Afari, “Inclusive Growth: An Application of the Social Opportunity Function to Selected African Countries”, IMF Working Paper 13/139 (June 3, 2013)
- Aqib Aslam, Enrico G Berkes, Martin Fukac, Jeta Menkulasi, and Axel Schimmelpfennig, “Afghanistan: Balancing Social and Security Spending in the Context of Shrinking Resource Envelope”, IMF Working Paper No 13/133 (May 30, 2013).
- Lorenzo E. Bernal-Verdugo, Davide Furceri and Dominique M. Guillaume, “The Dynamic Effect of Social and Political Instability on Output: The Role of Reforms”, IMF Working Paper No 13/91 (April 23, 2013).
- Alberto Behar, “The Endogenous Skill Bias of Technical Change and Inequality in Developing Countries”, Working Paper No. 13/50 (February 26, 2013).
- Selim Elekdag, “Social Spending in Korea: Can it Foster Sustainable and Inclusive Growth?”, Working Paper No. 12/250 (October 19, 2012)
- John Silvia, Lorenz Kueng, Olivier Coibion and Yuriy Gorodnichenko, “Innocent Bystanders? Monetary Policy and Inequality in the U.S.”, Working Paper No. 12/199 (August 1, 2012).
- James P Walsh and Jiangyan Yu, “Inflation and Income Inequality: Is Food Inflation Different?”, Working Paper No. 12/147 (June 1, 2012).
- Masahiro Nozaki, Benedict J. Clements, and Sanjeev Gupta, “What Happens to Social Spending in IMF-Supported Programs?”, IMF Staff Discussion Notes No. 11/15 (August 31, 2011)
- Romain Ranciere and Michael Kumhof, “Inequality, Leverage and Crises”, Working Paper No. 10/268 (November 1, 2010).
- Sanjeev Gupta, Alejandro Hajdenberg, Javier Arze del GranadoIs, “Social Spending Procyclical?”, IMF Working Paper No. 10/234 (October 1, 2010).
- Rodrigo Cubero and Ivanna Vladkova Hollar, “Equity and Fiscal Policy : The Income Distribution Effects of Taxation and Social Spending in Central America”, Working Paper No. 10/112 (May 1, 2010)
- Emanuele Baldacci, Ding Ding, David Coady, Giovanni Callegari, Pietro Tommasino, Jaejoon Woo, and Manmohan S. Kumar, “Public Expenditures on Social Programs and Household Consumption in China”, Working Paper No. 10/69 (March 1, 2010)
- David Coady and Susan Parker, “Targeting Social Transfers to the Poor in Mexico”, Working Paper No. 09/60 (March 1, 2009)
- Sergio Clavijo, “Social Security Reforms in Colombia: Striking Demographic and Fiscal Balances”, Working Paper No. 09/58 (March 1, 2009).
- Irineu E de Carvalho Filho, “Household Income As A Determinant of Child Labor and School Enrollment in Brazil : Evidence From A Social Security Reform”, Working Paper No. 08/241 (October 1, 2008)
- Chris Papageorgiou, Subir Lall and Florence Jaumotte, “Rising Income Inequality: Technology, or Trade and Financial Globalization?”, Working Paper No. 08/185 (July 1, 2008).
- Thomas Harjes, “Globalization and Income Inequality: A European Perspective”, Working Paper No. 07/169 (July 1, 2007).
- Juan Carlos Cordoba and Genevieve Verdier, “Lucas vs. Lucas: On Inequality and Growth”, Working Paper No. 07/17 (January 1, 2007).
- Gouranga Gopal Das, “Does Trade and Technology Transmission Facilitate Inequality Convergence? An Inquiry into the Role of Technology in Reducing the Poverty of Nations”, Working Paper No. 07/16 (January 1, 2007).
- Alun H. Thomas, “Do Debt-Service Savings and Grants Boost Social Expenditures?”, Working Paper No. 06/180 (July 1, 2006)
- Christopher W. Crowe, “Inflation, Inequality, and Social Conflict”, Working Paper No. 06/158 (June 1, 2006).
- Tamim Bayoumi, Dennis P Botman and Manmohan S. Kumar, “Macroeconomic Effects of Social Security and Tax Reform in the United States”, Working Paper No. 05/208 (November 1, 2005).
- Paulo Silva Lopes, “The Disconcerting Pyramids of Poverty and Inequality of Sub-Saharan Africa”, Working Paper No. 05/47 (March 1, 2005).
- Garbis Iradian, “Inequality, Poverty, and Growth: Cross-Country Evidence”, Working Paper No. 05/28 (February 1, 2005).
- Emanuele Baldacci, Larry Q Cui, Benedict J. Clements and Sanjeev Gupta, “Social Spending, Human Capital, and Growth in Developing Countries: Implications for Achieving the MDGs”, Working Paper No. 04/217 (November 1, 2004).
- Shahabuddin M Hossain, “Poverty and Social Impact Analysis: A Suggested Framework”, Working Paper No. 03/195 (October 1, 2003).
- Robert M. Townsend and Kenichi Ueda, “Financial Deepening, Inequality, and Growth : A Model-Based Quantitative Evaluation”, Working Paper No. 03/193 (September 1, 2003).
- Caroline M Kende-Robb, “Poverty and Social Impact Analysis: Linking Macroeconomic Policies to Poverty Outcomes: Summary of Early Experiences”, Working Paper No. 03/43 (February 1, 2003).
- Paulo Silva Lopes, “A Comparative Analysis of Government Social Spending Indicators and Their Correlation with Social Outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa”, Working Paper No. 02/176 (October 1, 2002).
- Eswar S Prasad, “Wage Inequality in the United Kingdom, 1975–99”, Working Paper No. 02/42 (February 1, 2002).
- Reza Baqir, “Social Sector Spending in a Panel of Countries”, Working Paper No. 02/35 (February 1, 2002).
- Alfredo Cuevas, “Short- and Long-Term Poverty and Social Policy in a “Snakes and Ladders” Model of Growth”, Working Paper No. 01/172 (November 1, 2001).
- Connel Fullenkamp and Ralph Chami, “Should Subsidized Private Transfers Replace Government Social Insurance?”, Working Paper No. 00/150 (August 1, 2000).
- Kenichi Ueda, “Transitional Growth with Increasing Inequality and Financial Deepening”, Working Paper No. 01/108 (August 1, 2001).
- Paul R Wade and Era Dabla-Norris, “Rent Seeking and Endogenous Income Inequality”, Working Paper No. 01/15 (February 1, 2001).
- Anthony M Annett, “Social Fractionalization, Political Instability, and the Size of Government”, Working Paper No. 00/82 (April 1, 2000).
- Ke-young Chu, Hamid R Davoodi and Sanjeev Gupta, “Income Distribution and Tax and Government Social Spending Policies in Developing Countries” (March 1, 2000).
- Vito Tanzi, “Globalization and the Future of Social Protection”, Working Paper No. 00/12 (January 1, 2000).
- Gupta Sanjeev, McDonald Calvin A, Dicks-Mireaux Louis, and Verhoeven Marijn ”Social Issues in IMF-Supported Programs”, IMF Occasional Paper 191 (January 2000).
- Pierre Pestieau, “The Political Economy of Redistributive Social Security”, Working Paper No. 99/180 (December 1, 1999).
- David E. Sahn and Stephen D. Younger, “Dominance Testing of Social Sector Expenditures and Taxes in Africa”, Working Paper No. 99/172 (December 1, 1999).
- Calvin A McDonald, Christian Schiller and Kenichi Ueda, “Income Distribution, Informal Safety Nets, and Social Expenditures in Uganda”, Working Paper No. 99/163 (December 1, 1999).
- Sanjeev Gupta, Henry Ma and Christian Schiller, “Privatization, Social Impact, and Social Safety Nets”, Working Paper No. 99/68 (May 1, 1999).
- Vito Tanzi, “Fundamental Determinants of Inequality and the Role of Government”, Working Paper No. 98/178 (December 1, 1998).
- Massimo V. Rostagno and Francesca Utili, “The Italian Social Protection System: The Poverty of Welfare”, Working Paper No. 98/74 (May 1, 1998).
- Benedict J. Clements, “Income Distribution and Social Expenditure in Brazil”, Working Paper No. 97/120 (September 1, 1997).
- Victor Hugo Valdivia, “The Insurance Role of Social Security: Theory and Lessons for Policy Reform”, Working Paper No. 97/113 (September 1, 1997).
Blogs
The Unequal COVID Saving and Wealth Surge – IMF Blog (November 9, 2021)
A COVID-19 Recovery Contribution – IMF Blog (April 16, 2021)
COVID’s Long Shadow: Social Repercussions of Pandemics – IMF Blog (February 3, 2021)
How COVID-19 Will Increase Inequality in Emerging Market and Developing Economies – IMF Blog (October 29, 2020)
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Monetary Policy for all? Inequality and the Conduct of Monetary Policy – IMF Blog (September 30, 2020)
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The Unequal COVID Saving and Wealth Surge – IMF Blog (November 9, 2021)
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A COVID-19 Recovery Contribution – IMF Blog (APRIL 16, 2021)\
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COVID’s Long Shadow: Social Repercussions of Pandemics – IMF Blog (February 3, 2021)
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Monetary Policy for all? Inequality and the Conduct of Monetary Policy – IMF Blog (SEPTEMBER 30, 2020)
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Low Internet Access Driving Inequality by Mercedes García-Escribano (June 29, 2020)
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The Global Economic Reset—Promoting a More Inclusive Recovery by Kristalina Georgieva (June 11, 2020)
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Reduce Inequality To Create Opportunity by Kristalina Georgieva (January 7, 2020)
- The Threat of Inequality of Opportunity by Shekhar Aiyar and Christian Ebeke (November 7, 2019).
- A Map of Inequality in Countries By William Gbohoui, Raphael Lam, and Victor Lledo (November 6, 2019).
- Widening Gaps: Regional Inequality within Advanced Economies By John Bluedorn, Weicheng Lian, Natalija Novta, and Yannick Timmer (October 9, 2019).
- To Reduce Inequality, Employ Young People by Burcu Hacibedel and Priscilla Muthoora (June 13, 2019).
- Designing Labor Policies to Foster Inclusive Growth in Emerging Markets by Romain Duval and Prakash Loungani (May 21, 2019).
- Tackling Income Inequality Requires New Policies by IMFBlog (May 15, 2019).
- Chart of the Week: Inequality in China By Sonali Jain-Chandra (September 20, 2018).
- How the Commodity Boom Helped Tackle Poverty and Inequality in Latin America By Ravi Balakrishnan and Frederik Toscani (June 21, 2018).
- Mapping Income Polarization in the United States by Ali Alichi and Rodrigo Mariscal (May 15, 2018).
- Chart of the Week: Inequality, Your Health, and Fiscal Policy By Mercedes García-Escribano, Baoping Shang, and Emmanouil (Manos) Kitsios (February 5, 2018).
- A Dream Deferred: Inequality and Poverty Across Generations in Europe By Christine Lagarde (January 24, 2018).
- 5 Things You Need to Know About Inequality by IMFBlog (January 23, 2018).
- Chart of the Week: Sharing the Wealth: Inequality and Who Owns What By IMFBlog (December 7, 2017).
- Inequality: Fiscal Policy Can Make the Difference By Vitor Gaspar and Mercedes Garcia-Escribano (October 11, 2017).
- Inequality: Tools from the Old Masters to Help Today’s Policymakers By Vitor Gaspar, Paolo Mauro, and Tigran Poghosyan (October 3, 2017).
- Chart of the Week: Ireland’s Fight Against Income Inequality By IMFBlog (June 30, 2017).
- A New Twist in the Link Between Inequality and Economic Development By Francesco Grigoli (May 11, 2017).
- Chart of the Week: Seeking Solutions to Growing Inequality By IMFBlog (April 17, 2017).
- Chart of the Week: Inequality and the Decline in Labor Share of Income By IMFBlog (March 20, 2017).
- The IMF’s Work on Inequality: Bridging Research and Reality By Prakash Loungani and Jonathan D. Ostry (February 22, 2017).
- Chart of the Week: Growth and Inequality By IMFBlog (February 13, 2017).
- Data and Inequality by IMFdirect (February 2, 2017).
- The Fruits of Growth: Economic Reforms and Lower Inequality By Christine Lagarde (January 26, 2017).
- Robots, Growth & Inequality By IMFdirect (September 7, 2016).
- Reducing Inequality in Asia: Sharing the Growth Dividend By Sonali Jain-Chandra, Kalpana Kochhar and Tidiane Kinda (May 24, 2016).
- Globalization, Skills & Inequality by IMFdirect (March 17, 2016).
- Openness and Inequality: Distributional Impacts of Capital Account Liberalization By Davide Furceri and Prakash Loungani (November 24, 2015).
- Tackling Inequality in sub-Saharan Africa Could Yield Mileage on Growth by Antoinette Sayeh (November 16, 2015).
- Empowering Women, Tackling Income Inequality By Sonali Jain-Chandra, Kalpana Kochhar, and Monique Newiak (October 2, 2015).
- Inequality’s Toll on Growth by IMFdirect (June 22, 2015).
- Meeting Rising Pressures to Address Income Inequality—A User’s Guide By Sanjeev Gupta and Michael Keen (March 19, 2014).
- Treating Inequality with Redistribution: Is the Cure Worse than the Disease?By Jonathan D. Ostry and Andrew Berg (February 26, 2014).
- United States: How Inequality Affects Saving Behavior By Oya Celasun (September 13, 2012).
- Can Policymakers Stem Rising Income Inequality? By David Coady and Sanjeev Gupta (June 28, 2012).
- Haves and Have Less—Why Inequality Throws Us Off Balance By Jeremy Clift (September 14, 2011).
- Warning! Inequality May Be Hazardous to Your Growth By Andrew G. Berg and Jonathan D. Ostry (April 8, 2011).
Country Work
- South Africa: 2021 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for South Africa, Country Report No. 2022/037 (February 11, 2022)
- Malawi: 2021 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Malawi, Country Report No. 2021/269 (December 20, 2021)
- Australia: 2021 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Australia, Country Report No. 2021/255 (December 6, 2021)
- Mongolia: 2021 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Mongolia, Country Report No. 2021/251 (November 29, 2021)
- Philippines: 2021 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Philippines, Country Report No. 2021/177 (August 6, 2021)
- Kyrgyz Republic: 2021 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; and Staff Report, Country Report No. 2021/174 (August 2, 2021)
- Dominican Republic: 2021 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Dominican Republic, Country Report No. 2021/169 (July 28, 2021)
- Republic of Estonia: 2021 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; and Staff Report, Country Report No. 2021/160 (July 21, 2021)
- Slovak Republic: 2021 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report, Country Report No. 2021/133 (June 21, 2021)
- New Zealand: 2021 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; Staff Statement; and Statement by the Executive Director for New Zealand, Country Report No. 2021/088 (May 5, 2021)
- Chile: 2021 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Chile, Country Report No. 2021/083 (April 23, 2021)
- Sweden: 2021 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; and Staff Report, Country Report No. 2021/061 (March 25, 2021)
- Malaysia: 2021 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Malaysia, Country Report No. 2021/053 (March 17, 2021)
- Indonesia: 2020 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Indonesia, Country Report No. 2021/046 (March 2, 2021)
- Iraq: 2020 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Iraq, Country Report No. 2021/038 (February 11, 2021)
- Bulgaria: 2020 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Bulgaria, Country Report No. 2021/027 (February 1, 2021)
- Brazil: 2020 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Brazil, Country Report No. 2020/311 (December 2, 2020)
- Spain: 2020 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Spain, Country Report No. 2020/298 (November 13, 2020)
- Union of the Comoros: 2019 Article IV Consultation-Staff Report; Press Release, Country Report No. 2020/198 (June 18, 2020)
- The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Requests for Purchasing under the Rapid Financing Instrument, Debt Relief under the Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust Rephasing of Access Under the Three-Year Arrangements under the Extended Credit Facility and the Extended Fund Facility, and Reduction of Access under the Extended Fund Facility Arrangement-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Country Report No. 20/150 (May 6, 2020)
- Panama: Selected Issues, Country Report No. 20/125 (April 21, 2020)
- Haiti: 2019 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Haiti, Country Report No. 20/121 (April 20, 2020)
- Sierra Leone: 2019 Article IV Consultation, Second Review Under the Extended Credit Facility Credit Facility Arrangement, Request for a Waiver of Nonobservance of Performance Criterion, and Financing Assurances Review, Country Report No. 20/116 (April 17, 2020)
- Republic of Moldova: Staff Report for the 2020 Article IV Consultation and Sixth Reviews Under the Extended Credit Facility and Extended Fund Facility Arrangements-Press Release-Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for the Republic of Moldova, Country Report No. 20/76 (March 18, 2020)
- St. Lucia: 2019 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; and Staff Report, Country Report No. 20/54 (February 24, 2020)
- Republic of Kazakhstan: Selected Issues, Country Report No. 20/38 (February 7, 2020)
- Ghana: 2019 Article IV Consultation; Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Ghana, Country Report No. 19/367 (December 18, 2019)
- Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe: Request for a 40-month Arrangement Under the Extended Credit Facility-Press Release; Staff Report and Statement by the Executive Director for Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe, Country Report No. 19/315 (October 29, 2019);
- Republic of Azerbaijan: 2019 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Republic of Azerbaijan, Country Report No. 19/301 (September 18, 2019)
- Namibia: 2019 Article IV Consultation-Press Release and Staff Report, Country Report No. 19/295 (September 13, 2019)
- Lao People’s Democratic Republic: 2019 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; Statement by the Executive Director for Lao People's Democratic Republic, Country Report No. 19/267 (August 8, 2019).
- Zambia: 2019 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Zambia, Country Report No. 19/263 (August 2, 2019)
- Togo: 2019 Article IV Consultation, Fourth Review under the Extended Credit Facility Arrangement, and Request for Waiver of Nonobservance of Performance Criterion and Modification of Performance Criteria-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Togo, Country Report No. 19/205 (July 2, 2019)
- Republic of Armenia: 2019 Article IV Consultation and Request for a Stand-By Arrangement-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for the Republic of Armenia, Country Report No. 19/154 (June 5, 2019)
- Nigeria: 2019 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Nigeria, Country Report No. 19/92 (April 1, 2019)
- West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU): Selected Issues, Country Report No. 19/91 (March 29, 2019)
- Kingdom of Eswatini: 2019 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for the Kingdom of Eswatini, Country Report No. 20/41 (February 11, 2020)
- Senegal: Selected Issues, Country Report No. 19/28 (January 28, 2019).
- Cambodia: 2018 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; Staff Statement; and Statement by the Executive Director for Cambodia, Country Report No. 18/369 (December 17, 2018).
- Dominican Republic: 2018 Article IV Consultation-Press Release and Staff Report, Country Report No. 18/294 (October 24, 2018)
- France: Selected Issues, Country Report No. 18/244 (July 26, 2018).
- Peru: 2018 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Peru, Country Report No. 18/225 (July 25, 2018).
- Israel: Selected Issues, Country Report No. 18/112 (May 1, 2018).
- Morocco: Selected Issues, Country Report No. 18/76 (March 12, 2018).
- Nigeria: Selected Issues, Country Report No. 18/64 (March 7, 2018)
- Republic of Korea: Selected Issues, Country Report No. 18/41 (February 13, 2018)
- Republic of Kosovo: Selected Issues, Country Report No. 18/31 (February 5, 2018).
- Benin: Selected Issues, Country Report No. 18/2 (January 5, 2018).
- Argentina: Selected Issues, Country Report No. 17/410 (December 29, 2017).
- Dominica: Selected Issues, Country Report No. 17/392 (December 20, 2017).
- Zambia: Selected Issues, Country Report No. 17/328 (October 25, 2017).
- Kingdom of Swaziland: Selected Issues, Country Report No. 17/275 (September 11, 2017).
- People's Republic of China: Selected Issues, Country Report No. 17/248 (August 15, 2017).
- Singapore: Selected Issues, Country Report No. 17/241 (July 28, 2017).
- Republic of Armenia: Selected Issues, Country Report No. 17/227 (July 19, 2017).
- Pakistan: Selected Issues, Country Report No. 17/213 (July 13, 2017).
- Brazil: Selected Issues, Country Report No. 17/216 (July 13, 2017).
- Costa Rica: Selected Issues and Analytical Notes, Country Report No. 17/157 (June 27, 2017).
- Ireland: Selected Issues, Country Report No. 17/172 (June 26, 2017).
- Togo: Selected Issues, Country Report No. 17/128 (May 17, 2017).
- Djibouti: 2016 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Djibouti, Country Report No. 17/87 (April 6, 2017).
- Slovak Republic: Selected Issues, Country Report No. 17/72 (March 23, 2017).
- Myanmar: Selected Issues, Country Report No. 17/31 (February 2, 2017).
- Bolivia: 2016 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Bolivia, Country Report No. 16/387 (December 22, 2016).
- Honduras: 2016 Article IV Consultation, Third and Fourth Reviews under the Stand-By Arrangement and the Arrangement under the Standby Credit Facility-Press Release and Staff Report, Country Report No. 16/362 (November 22, 2016).
- Sudan: 2016 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Sudan, Country Report No. 16/324 (October 4, 2016).
- Guatemala: Selected Issues and Analytical Notes, Country Report No. 16/282 (September 1, 2016).
- United States: 2016 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; and Staff Report, Country Report No. 16/226 (July 12, 2016).
- Republic of Poland: Selected Issues, Country Report No. 16/211 (July 5, 2016).
- Denmark: 2016 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Denmark, Country Report No. 16/184 (June 27, 2016).
- Republic of Lithuania: Selected Issues, Country Report No. 16/126 (May 18, 2016).
- Kyrgyz Republic: Selected Issues, Country Report No. 16/56 (February 22, 2016).
- Bolivia: 2015 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Bolivia, Country Report No. 15/334 (December 18, 2015).
- Malawi: Selected Issues, Country Report No. 15/346 (December 18, 2015).
- Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Selected Issues, Country Report No. 15/326 (December 1, 2015).
- Republic of Congo: Selected Issues, Country Report No. 15/264 (September 16, 2015).
- Israel: Selected Issues, Country Report No. 15/262 (September 16, 2015).
- Colombia: Selected Issues Paper, Country Report No. 15/143 (June 8, 2015).
- Islamic Republic of Mauritania: Selected Issues Paper, Country Report No. 15/36 (February 12, 2015).