Correspondent banking with global banks allows smaller banks access to the international payments system, facilitating money transfers through transactions
such as wire transfers, check clearing, and currency exchange. Without these banking relationships, businesses are cut off from international trade and
financing, families are unable to collect remittances from relatives working abroad, and foreign investors may be unwilling to invest if there is a risk
they will be unable to repatriate their profits.
The threat to Caribbean economies from large-scale withdrawal of correspondent banks was high on the agenda of policymakers attending the 2016 High Level Caribbean Forum in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago,
on November 2, 2016. “The withdrawal of correspondent banking relationships presents a clear and present danger to the Caribbean,” declared IMF Deputy
Managing Director Tao Zhang in opening remarks at the forum, which was co-hosted by the IMF and the Government of Trinidad and Tobago.
A survey conducted by the Caribbean Association of Banks shows banks in 12 countries in the region have experienced loss of correspondent banking, among
them The Bahamas, Belize, Guyana, Jamaica, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and countries in the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union. In Belize, the withdrawal
of correspondent banking relationships is systemic, with affected banks’ assets amounting to more than half of the domestic banking system’s assets. In
other countries, the loss of correspondent banking relationships has not reached systemic proportions but still presents an urgent threat.
Increased regulation of banking systems globally—to address concerns about tax evasion and combat money laundering and the financing of terrorism—has had
the unintended consequence of making correspondent banking relationships costlier and less attractive to global banks. Increased enforcement and unclear
regulatory expectations present correspondent banks with the possibility of large fines for noncompliance, particularly in cases where local privacy laws
prohibit the sharing of information about banks’ customers. Thus, the withdrawal of correspondent banking services is seen as “de-risking” by global banks.
Another concern highlighted during the forum is the risk that increased monitoring would push transactions to informal channels, making it difficult to
monitor illicit transactions and in effect countering anti-money laundering efforts.
Search for solutions
IMF officials said de-risking was an issue that the institution regarded as very important for its member countries and reaffirmed the IMF’s commitment to
helping countries find solutions, including through increased policy dialogue and technical assistance.
“We believe a solution to this issue requires dialogue between countries, regulators and banks, and increased information exchange. This can help clarify
regulatory expectations, build trust, facilitate capacity building, and highlight best practices,” Zhang said in his opening remarks.
Panelists expressed a sense of urgency to address the impact of de-risking on the region. They encouraged policymakers to examine the scope for collective
solutions to mitigate the costs to individual countries of introducing measures—such as taking advantage of better technology to facilitate information
sharing and reduce the cost of providing correspondent banking services.
Shake-up in Caribbean tourism?
The Caribbean Forum also featured a lively discussion on the likely impact from the normalization of relations between Cuba and the United States.
Panelists agreed the tourism sector was the most likely to be affected.
Challenges would arise if, as seems likely, Cuba opens up to tourists from the United States, potentially diverting tourists away from other Caribbean
destinations in the short term. However, the consensus among panelists was that the opening up of Cuba should be viewed not as a threat but as an
opportunity to expand tourism in the rest of the Caribbean—an opportunity to become more competitive and to build the Caribbean brand.
“The region has shown its resilience on this front before—when the Dominican Republic emerged as a tourist destination. It can be done again,” said Zhang.
Underscoring the need for regional cooperation, keynote speaker Gervase Warner, President and CEO of Trinidad-based Massy Group, called on the region’s
leaders to address disadvantages caused by small economies. “There’s no cavalry coming to our rescue,” he said, and challenged them to take a collective
approach to solving the region’s problems.
